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. 2019 Dec 2;41(6):1416–1434. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24884

Table 4.

Longitudinal demographic and clinical measures of “cognitive” converters

Controls nPD‐N cPD‐CI χ 2 p‐value* t‐value** p‐value**
Number
t 0 85 42 26 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
t 1 (drop‐out) 66 (−22%) 42 (−0%) 26 (−0%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
t 2 (drop‐out) 37 (−57%) 17 (−60%) 11 (−58%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
t 3 (drop‐out) 11 (−87%) 10 (−76%) 8 (−69%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
t 4 (drop‐out) 0 (−100%) 5 (−88%) 1 (−96%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Age/years
t 0

65.1 ± 6.7

[47.0–78.7]

65.0 ± 9.5

[45.0–78.1]

67.8 ± 5.7

[58.4–78.7]

 2.80 0.246 −1.49 0.140
t 1

66.3 ± 6.6

[48.2–77.7]

66.1 ± 9.4

[46.4–79.0]

68.8 ± 5.8

[59.4–79.6]

 0.73 0.693 −1.46 0.150
t 2

68.0 ± 6.1

[50.0–78.9]

65.4 ± 10.2

[47.1–78.7]

71.1 ± 6.1

[63.4–80.5]

 0.35 0.838 −1.88 0.071
t 3

67.1 ± 5.0

[60.3–79.7]

65.6 ± 10.6

[48.2–76.9]

70.1 ± 5.4

[64.4–81.4]

 20.57 0.752 −1.17 0.262
t 4 ‐

60.0 ± 11.6

[49.0–77.1]

73.9

 0.77 0.380 −2.67 n.a.
Sex (m:f)
t 0 48:37 30:12 19:7 3.97 0.137 0.022 0.883
t 1 34:32 30:12 19:7 6.01 0.494 0.022 0.883
t 2 21:16 13:4 8:3 2.36 0.307 0.049 0.823
t 3 6:5 7:3 6:2 0.99 0.609 0.055 0.814
t 4 – 3:2 1:0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Education/years
t 0

16.1 ± 4.0

[8–30]

14.0 ± 2.9

[8–20]

14.2 ± 2.4

[11–19]

 10.44 0.0054 −0.26 0.797
t 1

16.3 ± 4.4

[8–30]

14.0 ± 2.9

[8–20]

14.2 ± 2.4

[11–19]

 9.81 0.0074 −0.26 0.797
t 2

16.6 ± 4.1

[8–26]

14.1 ± 3.2

[8–20]

13.8 ± 2.2

[11–17]

 9.65 0.0080 0.24 0.816
t 3

18.5 ± 4.3

[13–26]

14.3 ± 3.5

[8–20]

13.8 ± 2.2

[12–17]

 5.05 0.080 0.41 0.691
t 4 –

14.4 ± 2.2

[13–18]

 12.0 2.42 0.120 2.45 n.a.
Disease duration/years
t 0 n.a.

9.4 ± 5.8

[1.9–32.4]

9.4 ± 4.2

[3.1–18.5]

 0.15 0.699 −0.02 0.983
t 1 n.a.

10.5 ± 5.8

[2.8–33.5]

 10.4 ± 4.2 [4.0–19.4] 0.02 0.881 0.03 0.978
t 2 n.a.

10.5 ± 7.3

[4.1–34.5]

 11.7 ± 4.3 [5.7–19.6] 2.89 0.089 −0.54 0.593
t 3 n.a.

11.6 ± 9.3

[5.1–35.4]

 14.0 ± 4.4 [9.3–20.6] 0.50 0.480 −0.68 0.507
t 4 n.a.

16.6 ± 13.5

[6.1–36.4]

 11.9 0 1 0.70 n.a.
CERAD/total score
t 0 – 97.1 ± 5.2 [85.0–105.0] 95.2 ± 5.8 [86.0–106.0] 1.75 0.186 1.39 0.170
t 1 – 98.4 ± 6.3 [81.0–108.0] 93.9 ± 6.7 [84.0–105.0] 0.54 0.464 2.71 0.0092
t 2 – 97.8 ± 8.3 [77.0–105.0]

96.9 ± 6.0

[90.0–109.0]

 1.18 0.278 0.29 0.774
t 3 – 97.8 ± 8.0 [78.5–107.0] 91.5 ± 10.5 [75.5–102.0] 0.10 0.747 0.81 0.432
t 4 – 102.5 ± 5.1 [95.0–106.0] 101.0 0.50 0.480 0.59 n.a.
PANDA/score
t 0

22.4 ± 5.9

[8–29]

21.9 ± 4.8

[15–30]

 23.2 ± 4.9 [13–28] 5.52 0.019 −0.79 0.438
t 1

22.1 ± 5.9

[9–29]

 22.3 ± 5.8 [12–30] 24.0 ± 4.7 [16–27] 0.48 0.488 −1.01 0.322
t 2

24.1 ± 3.4

[19–30]

 20.8 ± 7.5 [10–30] 22.2 ± 7.6 [12–29] 0.06 0.800 −0.32 0.759
t 3

20.1 ± 6.9

[10–29]

 23.0 ± 3.3 [19–29] 19.0 ± 8.5 [11–28] 2.97 0.085 0.79 0.506
t 4 – 25.7 ± 4.9 [20–29] 26.0 n.a. n.a. −0.12 n.a.
MMSE/score
t 0

29.3 ± 1.0

[26–30]

 29.1 ± 1.1 [27–30] 28.6 ± 1.2 [26–30] 9.14 0.010 1.60 0.115
t 1

29.3 ± 0.9

[26–30]

 29.0 ± 1.1 [25–30] 28.7 ± 1.3 [25–30] 6.87 0.032 0.86 0.396
t 2

29.3 ± 0.9

[26–30]

 28.9 ± 1.3 [26–30] 29.4 ± 0.9 [28–30] 4.00 0.135 −1.29 0.209
t 3

29.9 ± 0.3

[29–30]

 28.6 ± 2.1 [26–30] 29.4 ± 0.9 [28–30] 3.90 0.142 −0.75 0.468
t 4 – 29.0 ± 1.4 [27–30] – n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Hoehn&Yahr/Stage
t 0 n.a.

2.2 ± 0.6

[1.0–4.0]

2.2 ± 0.7

[1.0–4.0]

 0.12 0.734 0.28 0.784
t 1 n.a.

2.3 ± 0.7

[1.0–4.0]

2.2 ± 0.7

[1.0–4.0]

 1.36 0.244 0.63 0.530
t 2 n.a.

2.1 ± 0.7

[1.0–3.0]

2.5 ± 0.9

[1.0–4.0]

 0.39 0.531 −1.30 0.210
t 3 n.a.

2.3 ± 0.7

[1.0–3.0]

2.8 ± 0.7

[2.0–4.0]

 0.13 0.720 −1.37 0.191
t 4 n.a.

2.2 ± 0.8

[1.0–3.0]

 1.0 1.50 0.221 3.21 n.a.
UPDRS III/score
t 0 n.a.

17.2 ± 8.7

[5–45]

17.8 ± 6.3

[6–30]

 0.31 0.578 −0.29 0.770
t 1 n.a.

18.8 ± 8.5

[3–41]

 21.5 ± 10.4 [4–51] 0.62 0.431 −1.11 0.274
t 2 n.a.

19.9 ± 8.2

[8–36]

21.1 ± 10.9

[3–34]

 0.20 0.654 −0.32 0.756
t 3 n.a. 21.6 ± 6.9 [13–38] 26.1 ± 8.3 [10–36] 0.05 0.828 −1.24 0.237
t 4 n.a. 21.8 ± 12.2 [7–35] 7 1.41 0.235 2.70 n.a.

Note: t 0: baseline, t n nth‐year follow‐up. Values are given as mean ± SD [min–max]. χ 2 with corresponding p‐values refer to Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variances (ANOVA) across cognitively unimpaired PD patients that maintain their cognitive status throughout the study (nPD‐N), cognitively unimpaired PD patient that converted to either MCI or dementia on average after 1.4 years (cPD‐CI), and controls for each time point. Two right most columns refer to differences between PD patients (overall cohort) and controls are computed from unpaired t tests for continuous variables and +Fisher's exact test for categorical variables for each time point.