Table 1.

Summary demographic information for the TBI (all, mild, moderate–severe) and control (combined orthopaedic and healthy) groups

Variable	All TBI (N = 162)				Mild TBI (N = 133)				Moderate–severe TBI (N = 29)				Combined controlsa (N = 107)
	N	Mean	SD	Range	N	Mean	SD	Range	N	Mean	SD	Range	N	Mean	SD	Range
Age (years)	162	43.4	16.6	19–80	133	43.6	16.9	19–80	29	42.6	15.5	20–72	107	39.3	16.6	18–77
Education (years)	157	13.1	2.6	7–22	128	13.3	2.5	8–20	29	12.6	3.2	7–22	105	14.0	2.8	7–20
Days since injury	157	199.5	41.4	98–338	128	194.4	38.3	98–338	29	222.1	47.6	135–336	45b	218.3	41.8	136–344
		N	%			N	%			N	%			N	%
Sex		162				133				29				107
Females		34	21.0			30	22.6			4	13.8			47	43.9
Males		128	79.0			103	77.4			25	86.2			60	56.1
TBI severity		162				133				29
Mild		133	82.1			133	100.0			0
Moderate		15	9.3			0				15	51.7
Severe		14	8.6			0				14	48.3
Cause of injury		162				133				29				47b
Motor vehicle		39	24.1			32	24.1			7	24.1			1	2.1
Fall		38	23.5			28	21.1			10	34.5			11	23.4
Bicycle		34	21.0			28	21.1			6	20.7			7	14.9
Assault		30	18.5			26	19.5			4	13.8			0	0.0
Sport		11	6.8			11	8.3			0	0			18	38.3
Pedestrian		4	2.5			2	1.5			2	6.9			1	2.1
Other		6	3.7			6	4.5			0	0			9	19.1
Handedness		154				125				29				104
Right		135	87.7			110	88.0			25	86.2			97	93.3
Left		19	12.3			15	12.0			4	13.8			7	6.7
Previous TBI (self‐report)		156				127				29				104
Yes		44	28.2			39	30.7			5	17.2			1	1
No		112	71.8			88	69.3			24	82.8			103	99
Involved in litigation		156				127				29				44b
Yes		30	19.2			24	18.9			6	20.7			2	4.5
No		126	80.8			103	88.1			23	79.3			42	95.5

Note: Healthy controls N = 60 and orthopaedic controls N = 47.

Abbreviations: GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; N, number of participants; SD, standard deviation; TBI, traumatic brain injury.

^aAll controls (orthopaedic + healthy controls).

^bOrthopaedic controls only.