Table 4.

Association of cortical thickness changes over time with EDSS changes by disease subtypes

Cortical region	Gyri	Overall		RRMS		SPMS		PPMS
		Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left
Central region	Precentral gyrus	−2.66 (0.23), 92	−2.66 (0.23), 194	−2.79 (0.52), 417	−2.71 (0.30), 321	—	—	—	−4.42 (0.63), 89
	Postcentral gyrus	−3.05 (0.47), 189	−2.95 (0.44), 358	−2.94 (0.57), 394	−3.10 (0.56), 673	—	—	−4.24 (0.12), 2	−4.00 (0.42), 36
	Rolandic operculum	−3.39 (0.32), 456	−2.64 (0.22), 256	−3.78 (0.38), 456	−3.12 (0.50), 434	—	—	—	—
Frontal lobe	Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral	−2.54 (0.21), 418	−3.80 (0.73), 808	−2.83 (0.39), 766	−3.45 (0.72), 867	—	—	−4.60 (0.36), 22	−3.66 (0.10), 10
	Superior frontal gyrus, medial	−2.68 (0.30), 375	−3.21 (0.47), 868	−2.71 (0.27), 536	−3.11 (0.50), 929	—	—	—	—
	Superior frontal gyrus, orbital part	−2.92 (0.45), 636	−2.62 (0.22), 153	−3.03 (0.38), 727	−2.55 (0.40), 464	—	—	—	—
	Superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital	−2.85 (0.44), 330	−2.50 (0.15), 94	−3.30 (0.60), 383	−2.81 (0.47), 239	—	—	—	—
	Middle frontal gyrus	−2.61 (0.30), 636	−2.78 (0.38), 564	−3.03 (0.53), 1,482	−2.72 (0.37), 957	—	—	−4.47 (0.31), 8	−4.37 (0.64), 55
	Middle frontal gyrus orbital part	−2.95 (0.44), 118	−2.80 (0.27), 90	−2.75 (0.38), 177	−2.56 (0.30), 133	—	—	—	—
	Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part	−2.76 (0.37), 325	−2.47 (0.12), 188	−3.29 (0.34), 515	−2.76 (0.40), 493	—	—	—	—
	Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part	−2.70 (0.42), 209	−2.53 (0.17), 135	−3.00 (0.49), 562	−2.39 (0.23), 472	—	—	—	—
	Inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part	−3.09 (0.48), 665	−2.62 (0.20), 84	−3.18 (0.51), 642	−2.40 (0.22), 205	—	—	−4.32 (0.12), 5	—
	Supplementary motor area	−2.51 (0.18), 26	−3.01 (0.47), 268	−2.71 (0.30), 273	−2.93 (0.47), 541	—	—	—	—
	Paracentral lobule	−2.22 (NA), 1	−2.47 (0.11), 21	−2.52 (0.17), 104	−2.58 (0.33), 338	—	—	—	—
	Gyrus rectus	−3.06 (0.42), 360	−2.85 (0.23), 91	−3.48 (0.58), 344	−3.01 (0.74), 235	—	—	—	—
	Olfactory cortex	−2.75 (0.33), 92	−2.67 (0.20), 38	−2.75 (0.36), 65	−2.76 (0.39), 55	—	—	—	—
Temporal lobe	Superior temporal gyrus	−3.19 (0.47), 1,680	−2.96 (0.43), 1,136	−3.75 (0.48), 1,787	−3.25 (0.46), 1,403	—	—	—	—
	Heschl gyrus	−2.83 (0.27), 250	−3.39 (0.26), 271	−3.32 (0.32), 251	−3.89 (0.27), 271	—	—	—	—
	Middle temporal gyrus	−2.87 (0.38), 1,617	−2.71 (0.33), 960	−3.55 (0.59), 1,663	−2.94 (0.42), 1,520	—	—	—	—
	Inferior temporal gyrus	−2.91 (0.44), 828	−2.72 (0.35), 174	−3.33 (0.58), 898	−2.57 (0.35), 446	—	—	—	—
Parietal lobe	Superior parietal gyrus	−2.51 (0.20), 129	−2.48 (0.12), 126	−2.61 (0.29), 328	−2.69 (0.46), 502	—	—	−4.59 (0.34), 60	−4.27 (0.50), 287
	Inferior parietal, but supramarginal and angular gyri	−2.57 (0.25), 111	−2.67 (0.25), 334	−2.95 (0.42), 287	−2.95 (0.47), 628	—	—	—	—
	Angular gyrus	−2.57 (0.22), 302	−3.10 (0.36), 583	−3.11 (0.47), 450	−3.39 (0.65), 623	—	—	−4.40 (0.26), 10	—
	Supramarginal gyrus	−3.31 (0.49), 526	−2.98 (0.47), 537	−3.78 (0.72), 776	−3.50 (0.38), 564	—	—	—	—
	Precuneus	−2.57 (0.33), 512	−2.73 (0.33), 481	−2.70 (0.40), 949	−2.88 (0.50), 1,518	—	—	−4.18 (NA), 1	−3.94 (0.25), 31
Occipital lobe	Superior occipital gyrus	−2.53 (0.26), 73	−2.39 (0.07), 112	−2.74 (0.31), 275	−2.78 (0.41), 396	—	—	—	—
	Middle occipital gyrus	−2.76 (0.28), 733	−2.53 (0.16), 506	−3.33 (0.55), 1,031	−2.75 (0.35), 1,490	—	—	—	—
	Inferior occipital gyrus	−2.39 (0.19), 7	−2.60 (0.22), 122	−2.73 (0.34), 111	−3.04 (0.28), 495	—	—	—	—
	Cuneus	−2.73 (0.44), 365	−2.51 (0.13), 127	−3.05 (0.51), 868	−3.00 (0.53), 961	—	—	—	—
	Calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex	−2.58 (0.20), 64	−2.49 (0.17), 59	−2.75 (0.36), 372	−2.82 (0.48), 897	—	—	—	—
	Lingual gyrus	−2.61 (0.31), 459	−2.72 (0.40), 259	−2.97 (0.51), 582	−3.04 (0.53), 902	—	—	—	—
	Fusiform gyrus	−3.54 (0.61), 883	−2.75 (0.32), 678	−3.50 (0.82), 1,000	−3.03 (0.42), 977	—	—	—	—
Limbic lobe	Temporal pole: Superior temporal gyrus	−3.07 (0.41), 422	−2.78 (0.28), 101	−3.15 (0.58), 434	−2.62 (0.38), 110	—	—	—	−3.61 (0.04), 5
	Temporal pole: Middle temporal gyrus	−2.89 (0.26), 112	—	−3.29 (0.43), 128	—	—	—	—	—
	Anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri	−2.59 (0.25), 629	−2.97 (0.48), 144	−2.91 (0.36), 806	−2.78 (0.61), 911	—	—	—	—
	Median cingulate and paracingulate gyri	−2.77 (0.38), 408	−2.84 (0.46), 453	−2.96 (0.45), 902	−3.00 (0.55), 215	—	—	—	—
	Posterior cingulate gyrus	−2.53 (0.24), 102	−2.68 (0.25), 35	−2.61 (0.28), 217	−2.49 (0.37), 259	—	—	—	—
	Parahippocampal gyrus	−3.15 (0.59), 892	−2.78 (0.41), 174	−3.16 (0.63), 652	−2.79 (0.51), 461	—	—	—	—
Insular lobe	Insula	−3.02 (0.43), 840	−2.69 (0.31), 134	−3.22 (0.53), 942	−2.74 (0.53), 524	—	—	—	−3.68 (0.05), 2

Note: Correlation between the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the cortical thickness (CTh) of significantly associated cortical regions in all multiple sclerosis (MS) patients as well as separately in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS). Results represent the correlation strength shown in the form of t‐values extracted from our linear mixed effect models after correction with the false discovery rate approach for multiple comparisons set at q < 0.05. Lower (or more negative) t‐values reflect a stronger negative correlation. All results are reported in the form: mean t‐value (SD), number of vertexes in the respective region.

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.