Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of pSLE subjects by nocturnal BP dipping status
| All subjects, N = 20 | Normal, N = 9* | Non-dipping, N = 9 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age in years, mean (± SD) | 16.5 (± 2.7) | 17.1 (± 2.2) | 15.6 (± 3 .2) | 0.24 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 17 (85) | 7 (78) | 8 (89) | 1.00 |
| Race | ||||
| White/Caucasian | 7 (35) | 4 (44) | 2 (22) | 0.61 |
| Black/African American | 8 (40) | 2 (22) | 5 (56) | |
| Asian | 3 (15) | 2 (22) | 1 (11) | |
| Other race | 2 (10) | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 3 (15) | 1 (11) | 2 (22) | 1.00 |
| Highest household education | ||||
| Did not complete high school | 2 (10) | 2 (22) | 0 (0) | 0.64 |
| High school/general education | 10 (53) | 4 (44) | 5 (56) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 7 (37) | 3 (33) | 3 (33) | |
| Low income household (< $25 k/year) | 6 (30) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (44) | 0.29 |
| Traditional cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Physical activity score, mean (± SD) | 1.9 (± 0.7) | 1.8 (± 0.6) | 1.9 (± 0.9) | 0.83 |
| BMI percentile for age-sex | 68.2 (28.6) | 56 (± 30.4) | 81 (± 19.8) | 0.05 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 90 (± 22) | 90 (± 22) | 88 (± 26) | 0.91 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 44 (± 5) | 44 (± 5) | 59 (± 8) | < 0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 86 (± 43) | 86 (± 43) | 81 (± 30) | 0.74 |
| Elevated hsCRP, n (%)§ | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 2 (22) | 0.47 |
| Elevated Lipoprotein A | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | 1.00 |
| Prior history of hypertension^ | 3 (16) | 2 (22) | 1 (11) | 0.50 |
| Family history early CVD | 5 (25) | 2 (22) | 2 (22) | 1.00 |
| Disease characteristics | ||||
| Disease duration, years (± SD) | 3.2 (± 2.1) | 3.6 (± 2.3) | 2.3 (± 1.8) | 0.21 |
| Most recent SLEDAI-2K, mean (± SD)† | 2.9 (± 4.4) | 2.6 (± 3.4) | 2.9 (± 5.8) | 0.88 |
| Time-averaged SLEDAI | 12.4 (± 7.3) | 3.9 (± 2.1) | 6.3 (± 4.6) | 0.14 |
| Proportion of time in LLDAS‡ | 0.57 (± 0.32) | 0.67 (± 0.22) | 0.45 (± 0.40) | 0.16 |
| Antiphospholipid antibodies, n (%) | 6 (30) | 4 (44) | 2 (22) | 0.62 |
| Nephritis, n (%) | 5 (25) | 1 (11) | 3 (33) | 0.58 |
| Urine protein to creatinine, median [IQR]# | 0.1 [0.0–0.1] | 0.1 [0.0–0.1] | 0.1 [0.0–0.4] | 0.56 |
| Neuropsychiatric manifestation, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | 1.00 |
| Current medication use | ||||
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 5 (25) | 1 (11) | 4 (44) | 0.29 |
| Months of glucocorticoid use, median [IQR] | 13 [3–20] | 8 [2–30] | 11 [4–19] | 0.91 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 20 (100) | 9 (100) | 9 (100) | 1.00 |
| Mycophenolate | 11 (55) | 2 (22) | 7 (78) | 0.06 |
| Methotrexate | 5 (25) | 3 (33) | 2 (22) | 1.00 |
| Azathioprine | 2 (10) | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 1.00 |
| Rituximab (within last 12 months) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 3 (33) | 0.21 |
| Renin-angiotensin system blocker | 4 (20) | 1 (11) | 2 (22) | 1.00 |
| Other antihypertensive | 2 (10) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Comparison of baseline clinical characteristics by non-dipping status using Fisher’s exact, Student’s t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test as appropriate
*Only 18/20 subjects completed ABPM wear to determine normal dipping vs non-dipping
^Previous hypertension diagnosis resolved by physician prior to enrollment
§High-sensitivity C-reactive protein > 3.0 mg/L
†SLEDAI < 5, low disease activity; 6–10, moderate; 11–19, high; maximum, 105
‡Lupus low disease activity state
#Random (spot) urine protein to creatinine ratio