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. 2020 Jun 1;39:97. doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01603-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Time shaft of CRISPR/Cas9 development. CRISPR system discovered in 1987 and became gene editing tool in 2012 after the creation of sgRNA. Scientists made several improvements or enhancements in Cas9 technology from different aspects. Abbreviations: sgRNA, single strand RNA; dCas9, dead Cas9 protein;SpCas9, Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9