Table 2.
Cox Models of Lung Cancer Diagnosis According to ADI
| Variable | Unadjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Area deprivationa | ||
| Lowest 1%-50% (median ADI, 85.9; n = 11,162) | Reference | Reference |
| 51%-75% (median ADI, 105.1; n = 9,996) | 1.19 (0.99-1.43) | 1.11 (0.92-1.33) |
| 76%-90% (median ADI: 124.3, n = 10,388) | 1.32 (1.11-1.56) | 1.23 (1.02-1.47) |
| Highest 91%-100% (median ADI, 141.4; N = 10,069) | 1.37 (1.16-1.62) | 1.29 (1.07-1.55) |
| Smoking status | … | |
| Former | Reference | |
| Current | 1.44 (1.24-1.68) | |
| Smoking intensity, packs per dayb | … | 2.02 (1.67-2.45) |
| Smoking duration, per 10-year increase | … | 1.22 (1.16-1.29) |
| Quit time, per 1-year increase | … | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) |
| Age, per 10-year increase | … | 1.40 (1.26-1.54) |
| BMI, per 5 kg/m2 increase | … | 0.85 (0.81-0.89) |
| Sex | … | |
| Female | Reference | |
| Male | 1.01 (0.89-1.14) | |
| Race/ethnicity | … | |
| White | Reference | |
| Black | 1.02 (0.89-1.18) | |
| Hispanicc | 0.53 (0.37-0.77) | |
| Other | 0.46 (0.30-0.70) | |
| Insurance | … | |
| Commercial | Reference | |
| Medicaid | 0.95 (0.78-1.17) | |
| Medicare | 1.16 (0.97-1.40) | |
| Self-pay | 1.13 (0.94-1.35) | |
| Family history of lung cancerd | … | 1.23 (1.00-1.52) |
| Diagnosis of COPDe | … | 1.97 (1.73-2.24) |
| Personal history of cancere | … | 1.43 (1.26-1.62) |
See Table 1 legend for expansion of abbreviation.
a
ADI was categorized into percentiles of census block group disadvantage: the lowest group is the most affluent 50% of census blocks, and the highest group is the most disadvantaged 10% of census blocks.
b
Smoking intensity was transformed to its square root.
c
Hispanic ethnicity was combined with race as one variable due to the negligibly small number of individuals who identify as non-white Hispanic.
d
Family history of lung cancer was modeled on an ordinal scale: 0, 1, and ≥ 2.
e
Diagnosis of COPD (yes vs no) and personal history of cancer (yes vs no).