Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients Treated and Not Treated With Nicotine Replacement Therapy in the Full and Propensity-Matched Cohort
| Variable | Full Cohort |
Propensity-Matched Cohort |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No NRT | NRT 0/1/2a | SD (%)b | No NRT | NRT 0/1/2a | |
| Patients, No. (%) | 121,855 (82.6) | 25,651 (17.4) | 25,370 (50.0) | 25,370 (50.0) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 56 (42-65) | 55 (45-63) | 1.1 | 56 (44-63) | 55 (45-63) |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 59,187 (48.6) | 12,992 (50.7) | 12,751 (50.3) | 12,812 (50.5) | |
| Race, No. (%) | |||||
| White | 87,786 (72.0) | 20,782 (81.0) | 22.9 | 20,572 (81.1) | 20,538 (81.0) |
| Black | 17,453 (14.3) | 2,203 (8.6) | 2,236 (8.8) | 2,198 (8.7) | |
| Other or unknown | 10,987 (9.0) | 1,978 (7.7) | 1,893 (7.5) | 1,952 (7.7) | |
| Hispanic | 5,629 (4.6) | 688 (2.7) | 669 (2.6) | 682 (2.7) | |
| Insurance, No. (%) | |||||
| Medicare | 43,818 (36.0) | 9,137 (35.6) | 14.9 | 9,060 (35.7) | 9,068 (35.7) |
| Medicaid | 27,616 (22.7) | 6,931 (27.0) | 6,903 (27.2) | 6,815 (26.9) | |
| Private | 35,593 (29.2) | 6,350 (24.8) | 6,209 (24.5) | 6,316 (24.9) | |
| Uninsured | 7,023 (5.8) | 1,909 (7.4) | 1,891 (7.5) | 1,854 (7.3) | |
| Admission type, No. (%) | |||||
| Elective | 63,756 (52.3) | 11,540 (45.0) | 15.1 | 11,465 (45.2) | 11,486 (45.3) |
| Emergency/trauma | 57,220 (47.0) | 13,974 (54.5) | 13,783 (54.3) | 13,751 (54.2) | |
| Surgery classification, No. (%) | |||||
| Endocrine | 673 (0.6) | 147 (0.6) | 22.6 | 165 (0.7) | 140 (0.6) |
| GI | 28,740 (23.6) | 5,700 (22.2) | 5,731 (22.6) | 5,663 (22.3) | |
| Gynecologic | 6,237 (5.1) | 945 (3.7) | 959 (3.8) | 941 (3.7) | |
| Neurologic | 5,686 (4.7) | 1,170 (4.6) | 1,133 (4.5) | 1,151 (4.5) | |
| Obstetric | 6,028 (5.0) | 537 (2.1) | 439 (1.7) | 534 (2.1) | |
| Plastic | 4,348 (3.6) | 1,327 (5.2) | 1,299 (5.1) | 1,290 (5.1) | |
| Spinal | 9,567 (7.9) | 1,548 (6.0) | 1,548 (6.1) | 1,543 (6.1) | |
| Thoracic | 6,443 (5.3) | 1,797 (7.0) | 1,785 (7.0) | 1,758 (6.9) | |
| Urologic | 3,366 (2.8) | 603 (2.4) | 623 (2.5) | 600 (2.4) | |
| Orthopedic | 42,299 (34.7) | 10,056 (39.2) | 9,913 (39.1) | 9,945 (39.2) | |
| Vascular | 8,468 (7.0) | 1,821 (7.1) | 1,775 (7.0) | 1,805 (7.1) | |
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 62,285 (51.1) | 13,287 (51.8) | 1.4 | 13,110 (51.7) | 13,141 (51.8) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 34,051 (27.9) | 9,659 (37.7) | 20.8 | 9,553 (37.7) | 9,495 (37.4) |
| Psychoses/depression | 23,934 (19.6) | 6,911 (26.9) | 17.3 | 6,930 (27.3) | 6,779 (26.7) |
| Diabetes | 24,295 (19.9) | 4,899 (19.1) | 2.1 | 4,883 (19.2) | 4,866 (19.2) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 22,059 (18.1) | 5,616 (21.9) | 9.5 | 5,574 (22.0) | 5,468 (21.6) |
| Obesity | 21,961 (18.0) | 3,794 (14.8) | 8.7 | 3,952 (15.6) | 3,775 (14.9) |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 19,362 (15.9) | 3,794 (14.8) | 3.1 | 3,778 (14.9) | 3,738 (14.7) |
| Drug abuse | 10,639 (8.7) | 3,447 (13.4) | 15.0 | 3,398 (13.4) | 3,334 (13.1) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 11,057 (9.1) | 2,508 (9.8) | 2.4 | 2,507 (9.9) | 2,479 (9.8) |
| Alcohol abuse | 9,086 (7.5) | 3,634 (14.2) | 21.7 | 3,531 (13.9) | 3,486 (13.7) |
| Hypothyroidism | 9,920 (8.1) | 1,980 (7.7) | 1.6 | 2,017 (8.0) | 1,965 (7.8) |
| Paralysis/other neurologic diagnosis | 9,156 (7.5) | 2,275 (8.9) | 4.9 | 2,195 (8.7) | 2,240 (8.8) |
| Renal failure | 8,800 (7.2) | 1,395 (5.4) | 7.3 | 1,377 (5.4) | 1,387 (5.5) |
| Weight loss | 5,827 (4.8) | 1,477 (5.8) | 4.4 | 1,479 (5.8) | 1,437 (5.7) |
| Congestive heart failure | 5,716 (4.7) | 1,159 (4.5) | 0.8 | 1,146 (4.5) | 1,141 (4.5) |
| Liver disease | 5,021 (4.1) | 1,390 (5.4) | 6.1 | 1,387 (5.5) | 1,349 (5.3) |
| Gagne score, median (IQR) | 1 (0-3) | 1 (1-3) | 7.3 | 1 (1-3) | 1 (1-3) |
| Organ failure POA, No. (%) | |||||
| Respiratory | 2,273 (1.9) | 423 (1.6) | 1.7 | 443 (1.8) | 414 (1.6) |
| Cardiovascular shock | 3,290 (2.7) | 689 (2.7) | 0.1 | 714 (2.8) | 670 (2.6) |
| Renal | 5,852 (4.8) | 1,221 (4.8) | 0.2 | 1,215 (4.8) | 1,203 (4.7) |
| Hepatic | 604 (0.5) | 140 (0.5) | 0.7 | 128 (0.5) | 126 (0.5) |
| Acidosis | 2,852 (2.3) | 611 (2.4) | 0.3 | 600 (2.4) | 597 (2.4) |
| Neurologic | 2,101 (1.7) | 376 (1.5) | 2.1 | 356 (1.4) | 362 (1.4) |
| Hematologic | 4,090 (3.4) | 1,002 (3.9) | 2.9 | 992 (3.9) | 980 (3.9) |
IQR = interquartile range; NRT = nicotine replacement therapy; POA = present on admission; SD = significant difference.
a
NRT 0/1/2 = nicotine replacement therapy administered to patients before surgery (day 0) or postsurgery on hospital day 1 or 2.
b
Standard difference more than 10% is considered significant.