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. 2020 Jun 3;20:838. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08907-y

Table 2.

Studies on prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection included in the systematic review and their main findings (n = 52)

First Author Year of publication Country of study Population Country / Region of origin Period of data collection Setting Sample size
(n)		 Women
(%)		 Study design Diagnostic test TST cutoff point (mm) Prevalence of LTBI
(%)
Men Women Overall
Start End
Choi [6] 2007 Republic of Korea Refugee North Korea 1999 2006 Routine screening 1112 c 63.4 Cross sectional TST 10 NI NI 81.47
Chaves [43] 2009 Australia Refugee Myanmar; Thailand 2004 2008 Symptomatic 149a,c 48.7 Cohort TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 70.47
Diel [52] 2004 Germany Asylum Seeker Afghanistan; Turkey; Iran; Burkina Faso; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Sierra Leone; Russia; Guinea; Togo 1997 2002 Both 12,176b NI Cohort TST NI NI NI 62.00
Tafuri [10] 2011 Italy Asylum Seeker Asia; Eritrea; Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria; North Africa; Somalia; Tunisia 2009 2009 Routine screening 982c 14.4 Cross sectional TST 10 63.1 46.2 60.69
Lowther [45] 2012 USA Refugee Sub-Saharan Africa; South and Southeast 2000 2007 Routine screening 11,615c 44.8 Cohort TST NI NI NI 60.55
Baker [75] 2009 USA Refugee Somalia; Ethiopia; Liberia; Eritrea; Ghana; Zimbabwe; Ukraine; Russia Federation; China 2006 2007 Routine screening 195c 65.6 Cohort TST / IGRA 10 65.7 32.0 55.38
Winje [60] 2008 Norway Asylum Seeker Asia. Europe; Africa 2005 2006 Routine screening 912c 24.9 Cross sectional TST / IGRA 6 NI NI 53.95
Lim [57] 2016 Canada Refugee Tibet 2014 2016 Routine screening 163c 51.11 Cohort TST / IGRA NI 54.2 43.8 51.53
Kowatsch-Beyer [76] 2013 USA Refugee Africa; East Asia; Eastern Europe; South Asia; Latin America 2008 2008 Routine screening 224b 47.8 Cohort TST 5 NI NI 51.34
Varkey [49] 2007 USA Refugee Africa; Europe; Asia; Central and South America 1997 2001 Routine screening 9842c 47.7 Cohort TST 10 57.2 45.2 50.70
Watts [77] 2017 USA Mixed Africa; America; Europe; Eastern Mediterranean; Southeast Asia; West Pacific 1995 2012 Symptomatic 6669b 47 Cross sectional TST 10 54.2 45.7 50.21
Padovese [78] 2013 Malta Asylum Seeker Somalia; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Western Africa 2010 2011 Routine screening 500b 18.8 Cross sectional TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 49.60
Liu [79] 2009 USA Refugee Ukraine; Vietnam; Somalia; Bosnia; Sudan 1999 2005 Routine screening 9132c 40.2 Cohort NI NI NI NI 49.17
Harstad [80] 2009 Norway Asylum Seeker Iraq; Somalia; Russia; Afghanistan; Serbia and Montenegro 2005 2006 Routine screening 4526 b 30.6 Cohort TST / IGRA 6 NI NI 47.61
Ouimet [31] 2008 Canada Asylum Seeker India; Pakistan; Guinea; Congo; Nigeria; Ivory Coast; Cameroon; Siri Lanka; Mexico; Zimbabwe 2000 2004 Symptomatic 231 c 43.2 Cross sectional TST NI NI NI 45.89
Weinfurter [81] 2011 USA Refugee NI 2004 2006 Routine screening 594c 47.8 Cross sectional TST / IGRA 5 NI NI 45.62
Pottie [82] 2007 Canada Refugee Sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa; Middle East; Eastern Europe 2004 2005 Routine screening 112 b 59.8 Cohort TST 10 55.6 34.3 42.86
Moreno [83] 2006 USA Mixed Africa; Latin America; Asia; Europe 1998 2001 Routine screening 101 c 43.2 Cohort TST NI NI NI 41.58
Bertelsen [84] 2016 USA Asylum Seeker Sub-Saharan Africa; Asia; Eastern Europe; Middle East; Latin America and Caribbean; Western Europe 2012 2014 Routine screening 160 c 33.8 Cohort TST / IGRA NI NI NI 40.62
Chai [64] 2013 USA Mixed Ethiopia; Cameroon; Eritrea; Sierra Leone; Togo; Vietnam; Sudan; Democratic Republic of Congo; Columbia 2003 2007 Routine screening 611 c 43.0 Cohort TST 10 NI NI 39.12
Bua [51] 2016 Italy Mixed Nigeria; Mali; Senegal; Bangladesh; Gambia; Guinea; Nigeria; Ghana; Togo NI NI Routine screening 109 b NI Cross sectional TST / IGRA 5 NI NI 38.53
Lobato [59] 2008 USA Refugee Bosnia; Vietnam; Somalia; Congo; Eritrea; Haiti; Cambodia 1996 2005 Routine screening 4904 c NI Cohort NI NI NI NI 38.38
Subedi [73] 2015 USA Refugee Bhutan; Burma 2010 2012 Routine screening 149 b 46.3 Cohort TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 38.26
Goldberg [85] 2004 USA Refugee Soviet Union; Yugoslavia; Somalia 1999 2000 Routine screening 2194 c NI Cohort TST 10 NI NI 37.06
Hobbs [58] 2002 New Zealand Asylum Seeker Iran; Afghanistan; Siri Lanka; Czech Republic; Kuwait; Somalia; Iraq 1999 2000 Routine screening 869 c 31.9 Cross sectional TST 10 NI NI 36.36
Rennert-May [62] 2016 Canada Refugee Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; South Asia; East and Southeast Asia 2009 2011 Routine screening 746 c 50.1 Cohort TST / IGRA NI NI NI 35.52
Board [86] 2016 USA Refugee Southeast Asia; South Asia; Middle East; Sub-Saharan Africa 2010 2013 Routine screening 9860b 45.8 Cross sectional TST / IGRA 10 36.2 29.2 32.95
Nisbet [4] 2007 New Zealand Refugee Ethiopia; Somalia; Vietnam 1993 2004 Routine screening 100b 44.0 Cohort TST 5 NI NI 32.00
Trauer [65] 2011 Australia Refugee Africa; Eastern Mediterranean; Southeast Asia 2006 2009 Routine screening 458 † 56.1 Cohort TST 10 36.0 28.6 31.88
Hensel [87] 2016 USA Refugee Burma; Bhutan; Iraq; Somalia 2013 2014 Routine screening 694 c 45.0 Cross sectional IGRA NA 33.6 29.1 31.84
Walters [88] 2016 USA Mixed Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Asia and Pacific; Middle East; Southeast Asia; Latin America and Caribbean 2009 2012 Symptomatic 2244b 44.4 Cohort TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 30.30
Oeltmann [46] 2008 USA Refugee Thailand 2004 2005 Routine screening 5637 c 41.2 Cross sectional TST 5 NI NI 28.81
Banfield [39] 2012 Australia Refugee Sudan; Congo; Liberia; Burundi; Tanzania; Sierra Leone; Burma 2006 2007 Routine screening 1004 c 51.2 Cross sectional TST / IGRA NI NI NI 26.29
Tiong [42] 2006 Australia Refugee Western Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Africa; Africa 2004 2005 Both 96 c 55.8 Cross sectional TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 25.00
Gray [38] 2012 Australia Refugee Middle East; Africa; Asia; Australia 2005 2010 Routine screening 328 b 45.7 Cross sectional TST 10 NI NI 24.70
Sarivalasis [47] 2012 Switzerland Asylum Seeker Balkan Peninsula; Soviet Union; Asia; Africa 2009 2010 Routine screening 393 c 27.2 Cross sectional IGRA NA NI NI 23.66
Sheikh [44] 2009 Australia Refugee Asia; Middle East; Western Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Africa 2005 2006 Routine screening 219 c 53.1 Cross sectional TST 10 NI NI 23.29
Bennett [89] 2014 USA Refugee Middle East, Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa 2010 2012 Routine screening 4280 b 49.7 Cohort TST / IGRA 10 23.4 15.8 21.40
Paxton [74] 2012 Australia Refugee NI 2006 2009 Routine screening 810 c 49.0 Cohort IGRA NA NI NI 20.86
Lucas [90] 2010 Australia Refugee Africa; Asia 2007 2008 Routine screening 524 b 51.9 Cohort TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 18.32
Johnston [56] 2012 Australia Refugee Asia; Africa 2009 2010 Routine screening 176 c 41.7 Cohort TST 10 NI NI 18.18
Marras [35] 2003 Canada Refugee India; Tibet; Nepal 1998 2001 Routine screening 525 b 32.0 Cohort TST 10 NI NI 16.0
Ramos [91] 2010 USA Refugee Iraq 2007 2009 Routine screening 4923 c 48.5 Cross sectional TST / IGRA NI NI NI 14.06
Bennet [53] 2017 Sweden Asylum Seeker Afghanistan; Somalia; Eritrea; Ethiopia 2015 2016 Routine screening 2936 b NI Cohort TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 11.34
Mockenhaupt [32] 2016 Germany Refugee Syria 2011 2015 Routine screening 44 b 34.1 Cohort NI NI NI NI 9.09
Liu [61] 2015 USA Refugee NI 2007 2012 Routine screening 57,019 c NI Cross sectional TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 7.93
Taylor [92] 2016 USA Refugee NI 2010 2010 Routine screening 13,395 b NI Cohort TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 6.20
Pavlopoulou [93] 2017 Greece Mixed Afghanistan; Congo; Bangladesh; Pakistan; Iran; Lebanon; Sudan; Kenia; Somalia; Eritrea 2010 2013 Routine screening 162 b 44.4 Cross sectional TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 4.94
Harling [68] 2007 UK Asylum Seeker Iraq; Afghanistan; Czech Republic; Iran; Congo; Somalia; Zimbabwe; Angola 2002 2003 Routine screening 4275 c 25.0 Cross sectional TST NI 2.4 0.9 2.18
Lee [36] 2013 USA Refugee Iraq; Burma; Bhutan; Iran; Cuba; Thailand; Vietnam; Nepal; Somalia 2009 2009 Routine screening 78,899 b NI Cross sectional TST / IGRA 10 NI NI 1.87
Yanni [72] 2013 Jordan Refugee Iraq 2007 2009 Routine screening 13,669 c 50.3 Cohort TST 10 NI NI 1.84
Entzel [94] 2003 USA Refugee Cuba 1999 2000 Routine screening 241 c NI Cross sectional TST NI NI NI 0.41

Abbreviations LTBI Latent Tuberculosis Infection, USA United States of America, UK United Kingdom, NI Not Informed, TST Tuberculin skin test, IGRA Interferon gamma release assay, NA Not applicable

In the column Setting, “both” means that the study performed routine screening and symptomatic evaluation

aHospitalised population; bTotal population total study; cPopulation screened for LTBI