Table 1.

Study characteristics included in the systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors	Region	Study area	Study design	Sample size	Prevalence	Response rate	Outcome variables	Quality
Abebe Eyowas et al. [21]	Amhara	Bahirdar	cross sectional	3003	37.796	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk
Ritbano A et al. [22]	SNNPR	Bitajira	cross sectional	313	18.211	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth & congenital defect	Low risk
Kebede et al. [23]	Amhara	D/tabor	case control	620	–	100%	–	Low risk
Cherie N, Mebratu A [24]	Amhara	Dessie	cross sectional	462	32.468	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth & congenital defect	Low risk
Kassa et al. [25]	Amhara	E/gojjam	cross sectional	1134	19.224	90.40%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk
Feleke G et al. [26]	SNNPR	Gamo gofa	case control	420	–	98.50%	–	Low risk
Adane et al. [27]	Amhara	Gondar	cross sectional	481	22.661	98.16%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk
Tsegaye and Kassa [28]	SNNPR	Hawassa	cross sectional	580	18.276	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth & congenital defect	Low risk
Abdo et al. [29]	SNNPR	Hossana	cross sectional	327	24.465	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth & congenital defect	Low risk
Eyosias Yeshialem [30]	Oromia	Jimma	case control	344	–	100%	–	Low risk
Eshete A et al. [31]	Amhara	North wollo	cross sectional	295	23.051	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth & congenital defect	Low risk
Ediris et al. [32]	Oromia	Shashemene	cross sectional	306	34.967	100%	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth & congenital defect	Low risk
Abera Haftu et al. [33]	Tigray	Shire	cross sectional	425	22.588	100	Preterm birth, LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk
Tsegaye Lolaso [34]	SNNPR	Kembata	cross sectional	718	13.928	93%	Preterm birth,LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk
Mekonnen M, et al. [37]	Somali	Fafan	cross sectional	1050	51.905	98.30%	Stillbirth, congenital defect	Low risk
Hailemariam Workie [35]	Tigray	Mekelle	Cross sectional	340	25	100%	Preterm birth,LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk
kassahun et al. [36]	Amhara	Woldia	cross sectional	462	31.818	100%	Preterm birth,LBW, Stillbirth	Low risk