Fig. 1.

Evolution of the terminal vertebrae among teleosts. The phylogeny shows the main clades of basal teleosts focusing in ostariophysans, with a representative basal member of each group showing the posterior vertebra(e) that bears the hypural series (in red) and the parhypural (in purple). The phylogeny was adapted from Arratia (1999) and Betancour et al. (2017). Terminology: ca, caudal artery; CC, compound centrum; cv, caudal vein; H1–10, hypural series; haPU1, haemal arch of the preural centrum 1; PH, parhypural; PU1, preural centrum 1; U1–10, ural centra, Un; uroneurals