Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of the recycling of autologous patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cure human diseases. Somatic cells from patients are established as patient-specific iPSCs, which are corrected genetically by repairing the defect and then differentiating the corrected iPSCs into autologous progenitor cells for use in transplantation. To correct a gene mutation in patient-specific iPSCs, the genetic code and epigenetic factors are corrected using gene editing, antisense, ribozymes, and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or modified nucleic acids, and/or chromatin modification