Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of embryonic stem cells and cancer stem cells according to theirtranscription factors, markers, signaling pathways, RNA,and epigenetic regulators
| Stem cells | ESC | CSC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Features | mESC | hESC | ||
| Markers [17] |
• Oct 3/4 [17] • Sox2 [17] • Nanog [17] • Klf4 [17] • SSEA1 [16] • Esrrb [39] |
• Oct 3/4 [17] • Sox2 [17] • Nanog [17] • Klf4 [17] • c-Myc [17] • SSEA3, 4, 5 [16] • TRA-1-60 [16] • TRA-1-81 [16] |
• EpCAM (CD326) [17] • Lgr5 [17] • CD19 [17] • CD24 [17] • CD27 [17] • CD38 [17] • CD45 [17] • CD49f [17] • TNFRSF16 [17] • CD133 [17] • CD151 [17] • ABCG2 [17] |
• ALDH1A1 [17] • CD13 [17] • CD20 [17] • CD26 [17] • CD34 [17] • CD44 [17] • CD47 [17] • CD66c [17] • CD105 [17] • CD117/c-Kit [17] • CD166 [17] |
| Signal & Characteristics |
• LIF/Jak/Stat (Self-renewal) [40] |
|||
| • Wnt/β-catenin (Self-renewal) [41] | Wnt/β-catenin(self-renewal/Differentiation) [42] |
Wnt/β-catenin • Brain [43] • Colon [13] • Prostate [44] |
Wnt/β-catenin • Breast [45] • Lung [46] • Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma [47] |
|
|
• Hedgehog (Self-renewal) [48] |
• Hedgehog (Differentiation) [49] |
Hedgehog • Brain [50] • Pancreas [51] |
Hedgehog • Breast [52] • Gastric cancer [53] |
|
|
• Notch (Differentiation) [54] |
• Notch (Differentiation) [54] |
Notch [55] • Brain [56] • Colon [57] |
Notch • Breast [58] • Pancreas [59] |
|
|
• TGF-β/BMP/Smad (Activin/Nodal→ self-renewal) (BMP → self-renewal) [60] |
• TGF-β/BMP/Smad (Activin/Nodal→ self-renewal) (BMP → differentiation) [61] |
TGFβ/TβRII, Integrin/FAK • Brain [62] • Skin [63] • Gastrointestinal [64] |
TGFβ/TβRII, Integrin/FAK • Breast [65] • Colon [66] |
|
|
• FGF (Differentiation) [67] |
• FGF (Self-renewal) [68] |
FGF-FGFR • Bladder [69] • Breast [70] |
FGF-FGFR • Brain [71] • Colon [72] |
|
|
PI3K/AkT/mTOR • Neuroblastoma [73] • Ovarian [74] • Glioblastoma [75] |
||||
|
Related markers • DNA methylation regulator • Chromatin regulator |
• DMNT1 (Differentiation) [76] • TET2 (Differentiation) [77] • EZH2 (Self-renewal& pluripotency) [78, 79] • BMI-1 (Self-renewal& pluripotency) [80] • Suz12 (Self-renewal & pluripotency) [78] • MLL1 (Self-renewal & pluripotency) [78] |
DNMT1 • Colon [81] TET2 • Breast [82] EZH2 • Breast [83] • Brain [84] • Bone [85] BMI-1 • Esophageal [94] • Laryngeal [95] • Salivary adenoid [96] • Colon [97] • Prostate [86] • Head and neck [87] • Colorectal [88] • Lymphoma [89] Suz12 • Breast [90] MLL1 • Brain [91] |
• Breast [92] • Hematomalignancy [93] • Pancreas [83] • Colorectal cancer [88] |
|
| RNAs |
• Let7 and Lin 28 (Differentiation) [98, 99] • Mir-31 (Differentiation) [100] • Mir-145 (Differentiation) [101] |
• Mir-200 family (Differentiation) [102] • LncRNA-ROR (Self-renewal) [103] |
Let-7 • Breast [104] Mir-200 family • Breast [105] Mir-34, Mir-34α • Brain [106] • Pancreatic [107] • Colon [108] Mir-145 • Brain [109] LncRNA-ROR • Liver [110] |
• Prostate [111] • Gastric [112] |
| Self-renewal | Yes [113] | Yes [113] | Yes [113] | |
| DNA repair | Yes [114] | Yes [114] | Altered by adaptation to environments, hypoxia condition and cell cycle [114–117] | |
| Microenviromental protection by niche from noxious agents | Yes [118] | Yes [118] | Yes [119, 120] | |
| plasticity | Affected by differentiation and dedifferentiation states [121] |
• Epithetical mesenchymal transition can self-renewal acquisition. • Dedifferentiation and mutation accumulation in committed cells [122]. |
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This table is a modified version of the one published by Hadjimichael et al. [400]. CSC: cancer stem cells; ESCs: embryonic stem cells; mESCs Mouse ESCs, hESCs Human ESCs.