Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey from EDHS 2005, 2011, and 2016 in Ethiopia
| Characteristics | EDHS years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
| Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | ||
| Women age | < 20 Years | 1315 (12.26) | 1132 (9.53) | 851 (7.81) |
| 20–34 years | 6655 (62.07) | 7861 (66.22) | 7337 (67.38) | |
| 35–49 Years | 2752 (25.67) | 2879 (24.25) | 2701 (24.80) | |
| Mean ± SD | 29.01 ± 6.94 | 29.04 ± 6.63 | 29.57 ± 6.60 | |
| Household head | Male | 9558 (89.15) | 6168 (51.95) | 9371 (86.06) |
| Female | 1163 (10.85) | 5704 (48.05) | 1518 (13.94) | |
| Marital status | Not having partner | 488 (4.50) | 721 (6.07) 6.07 | 681 (6.25) |
| Had partner | 10,233 (95.50) | 11,151 (93.93) 100.00 | 10,208 (93.75) | |
| Total | 10,721 (100) | 11, 872 (100) | 10,889 (100) | |
| Religion | Orthodox | 4543 (42.37) | 4519 (38.06) 38.06 | 3718 (34.14) |
| Muslim | 3752 (35.00) | 4214 (35.49) 73.56 | 4519 (41.50) | |
| Protestant | 2138 (19.91) | 2758 (23.23) 96.78 | 2297 (21.09) | |
| Others | 286 (2.68) | 382 (3.22) 100.00 | 355 (3.26) | |
| Residence | Urban | 760 (7.09) | 1528 (12.87) 12.87 | 1213 (11.14) |
| Rural | 9961 (92.91) | 10,344 (87.13) | 9676 (88.86) | |
| Region | Tigray | 684 (6.39) | 753 (6.34) | 701 (6.44) |
| Afar | 104 (0.97) | 121 (1.02) | 114 (1.05) | |
| Amhara | 2571 (23.99) | 2656 (22.37) 29.74 | 2041 (18.74) | |
| Oromia | 4255 (39.69) | 5014 (42.23) 71.97 | 4813 (44.20) | |
| Somalia | 455 (4.24) | 365 (3.07) | 508 (4.66) | |
| Benishangul Gumuz | 83(.78) | 140 (1.18) | 120 (1.11) | |
| SNNP | 2338 (21.81) | 2494 (21.01) | 2250 (20.67) | |
| Gambela | 29(.27) | 40 (0.34) | 27 (0.24) | |
| Harari | 20(.19) | 29 (0.24) | 26 (0.24) | |
| Addis Ababa | 141 (1.32) | 222 (1.87) | 243 (2.33) | |
| Dire Dawa | 36(.34) | 39 (0.33) | 46 (0.42) | |
| Women education | Unable to read and write | 8502 (79.31) | 8227 (69.30) 69.30 | 7201 (66.13) |
| Primary education | 1772 (16.53) | 3211 (27.05) | 2904 (26.67) | |
| Secondary education | 409 (3.79) | 266 (2.24) | 510 (4.68) | |
| Higher education | 40 (.38) | 168 (1.42) | 274 (2.52) | |
| Husband education | Unable to read and write | 6308 (59.03) | 5966 (50.60) | 5018 (48.57) |
| Primary education | 3245 (30.37) | 4867 (41.26) | 4051 (39.21) | |
| Secondary education | 1023 (9.58) | 584 (4.95) 6.81 | 790 (7.65) | |
| Higher education | 109 (1.01) | 376 (3.19) | 471 (4.56) | |
| Women occupation | Not working | 7623 (30.71) | 5597 (47.14) | 6057 (55.62) |
| Working | 3098 (28.89) | 6275 (52.86) | 4832 (44.38) | |
| Husband occupation | Not working | 215 (2.00) | 158 (1.33) | 6199 (56.93) |
| Working | 10,506 (98.00) | 11,714 (98.67) | 4690 (43.07) | |
| Distance to health facility | Big problem | 6597 (60.58) | 8956 (75.43) | 6597 (60.58) |
| Not a big problem | 4292 (39.42) | 2916 (24.57) | 4292 (39.42) | |
| Media exposure | No media exposure | 7347 (68.41) | 8956 (75.43) | 7347 (68.41) |
| Has media exposure | 3392 (31.59) | 2916 (24.57) | 3392 (31.59) | |
| Had mobile | No | NA | NA | 9103 (83.60) 83.60 |
| Yes | NA | NA | 1786 (16.40) | |
| Insurance | Not insured | NA | NA | 10,512 (96.54) |
| Insured | NA | NA | 377 (3.46) | |
| Had ANC | No | 5041 (71.86) | 4543 (57.45) | 2792 (37.42) |
| Yes | 1973 (28.14) | 3365 (42.55) | 4670 (62.58) | |
| Total | 7014 (100) | 7908 (1000) | 7462 (100) | |
| Birth order | 1 | 2030 (18.65) | 2261 (19.05) | 2030 (18.65) |
| 2–4 | 4660 (42.80) | 5179 (43.62) | 4661 (42.80) | |
| ≥5 | 4197 (35.55) | 4432 (37.33) | 4198 (38.55) | |
| Parity | ≤ 2 | 3135 (28.80) | 3469 (29.22) | 3136 (28.80) |
| 2–5 | 4319 (39.67) | 4710 (39.67) | 4319 (39.67) | |
| ≥ 5+ | 3433 (31.53) | 3693 (31.11) | 3434 (31.53) | |
| Wealth index | Poor | 5091 (46.67) | 5368 (45.22) | 5091 (46.76) |
| Middle | 2243 (20.60) | 2437 (20.53) | 2243 (20.60) | |
| Richer | 3554 (32.64) | 4067 (34.26) | 3555 (32.64) | |
| Place of delivery | Health institution | 560 (5.22) | 1180 (9.95) | 2891 (26.56) |
| Home | 10,161 (94.78) | 10.691 (90.05) | 7997 (73.44) | |
| Total | 10,721 (100) | 11,872 (100) | 10,889 (100) | |
NB: NA = Indicates data not available in that EDHS year