Table 1.
Studies using animal models to determine the impact of NPs on the gut microbiota
| Ag-NP | TiO2-NP | SiO2-NP | ZnO-NP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration (days) | ≤14 | ≥28 | 7 | ≥28 | 7 | ≤14 | ≥28 |
| Actinobacteria | ↗[104] | ||||||
| Bifidobacterium (g) | ↙[105] | ||||||
| Corynebacterium (g) | ↙[106] | ||||||
| Rhodococcus (g) | ↙[104] | ||||||
| Bacteroidetes | ↗[107] | ↗[105] or ↙[108]♦ | ↙[107]♦ | ↙[104] | ↙[107]♦ | ↙[109] | ↗[110] |
| Bacteroidaceae (f) | ↙[108]♦ | ↗[110] | |||||
| Bacteroides (g) | ↗[105] or ↙[108]♦ | ↙[107]♦ | ↙[107]♦ | ↗[110] | |||
| Bacteroides uniformis | ↙[106] | ||||||
| Odoribacteraceae (f) | ↙[108]♦ | ||||||
| Prevotellaceae (f) | ↙[109] | ||||||
| Prevotella (g) | ↗[107] | ↙[104] | ↗[107]♦ | ↙[109] | |||
| Rikenellaceae (f) | ↗[108]♦ | ↙[110] | |||||
| Alistipes (g) | ↗[107] | ↗[107]♦ | ↙[110] | ||||
| S24–7 (f) | ↙[108]♦ | ↙[109] | |||||
| Barnesiella (g) | ↙[104] | ||||||
| Firmicutes | ↙[107] | ↙[105] or ↗[108]♦ | ↙[104] | ↗[107]♦ | ↗colon, ↙ileum [109] | ↙[110] | |
| Bacillaceae (f) | ↗[109] | ||||||
| Bacillus (g) | ↗[109] | ||||||
| Christensenellaceae (f) | ↙[106] | ||||||
| Erysipelotrichaceae (f) | ↙[104] | ||||||
| Turicibacter (g) | ↙[104] | ↗[111] | |||||
| Lachnospiraceae (f) | ↙[107] | ↗[108]♦ | ↗[107]♦ | ||||
| Blautia (g) | ↗[108]♦ | ||||||
| Coprococcus (g) | ↗[108]♦ | ||||||
| Coprococcus eutatus | ↙[106] | ||||||
| Lactobacillaceae (f) | ↗[108]♦ | ↗colon, ↙ileum [109] | ↙[110, 111] | ||||
| Lactobacillus (g) | ↙[107] | ↙[105] or ↗[108]♦ | ↙[104] | ↙[107]♦ | ↗colon, ↙ileum [109] | ↙[110, 111] | |
| Peptococcaceae (f) | ↙[106] | ||||||
| Ruminococcaceae (f) | ↗[107]♦ | ||||||
| Oscillospira (g) | ↙[106] | ↙[109] | |||||
| Streptococcaceae (f) | ↗[109] | ||||||
| Streptococcus (g) | ↗[109] | ||||||
| Clostridium (g) | ↙[106] | ↗[111] | |||||
| Dehalobacterium (g) | ↙[106] | ||||||
| Oscillibacter (g) | ↗[107]♦ | ||||||
| SMB53 (g) | ↗[111] | ||||||
| Proteobacteria | ↗[104] | ↗[107]♦ | ↗[109] | ↙[111] | |||
| Enterobacteriaceae (f) | ↗[105] | ||||||
| Escherichia/Shigella (g) | ↗[104] | ||||||
| Halomonadaceae (f) | ↗[109] | ||||||
| Halomonas (g) | ↗[109] | ||||||
| Aggregatibacter pneumotropica | ↙[106] | ||||||
♦ Studies using NPs at human relevant doses