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. 2020 Jun 3;19:119. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01372-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Preparation and visualization of OMVs derived from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. a Isolation and purification protocols of bacterial OMVs. b Native OMVs were isolated and pelleted by ultracentrifugation. c OMVs were purified by Optiprep density gradient ultracentrifugation. The particle numbers of the resulting fractions (1–10) were detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Purified MOMV_S were visualized using scanning electron microscope (d) and transmission electron microscopy (e) after negative staining. f Representative frame was captured from the MOMVs NanoSight videos. g Size distribution and concentration of these vesicles was determined by NTA