Table 2.
Gender differences in prevalence of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Arab countries, 2000–2017 (percent among respondents by sex, and male/female ratios)a
| Country | Studyb | Agec | Male (%) | Female (%) | Ratio M/F | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWARENESS OF HYPERTENSION | ||||||
| Awareness among hypertensive subjects (%) | ||||||
| Egypt | Mohamed, M. R. et al. (2000) [55] | > = 18 | 62.9 | 49.5 | 1.27 | P = 0.002e |
| Jordan | Jaddou, H. Y. et al. (2000) [49] | > = 25 | 79.4 | 83.6 | 0.95 | NS |
| Jaddou, H. Y. et al. (2003) [50] | > = 25 | 50.0 | 55.6 | 0.90 | p = 0.02 | |
| Jaddou, H. Y. et al. (2011) [40] | > = 25 | 54.7 | 56.7 | 0.96 | NS | |
| Kheirallah, K.A.et al (2015) [41] | > = 25 | 34.1 | 37.6 | 0.91 | NS | |
| KSA | Kalantan, K. A. et al. (2001) [56] | 35–85 | 28.5 | 19.0 | 1.50 | P = 0.049 |
| Saeed, A.A. et al. (2011) d [45] | 15–64 | 37.3 | 53.3 | 0.70 | P < 0.001 | |
| Amin, T. T. et al. (2014) [52] | 24–63 | 67.5 | 85.7 | 0.79 | P = 0.025e | |
| El-Bcheraoui, C. et al. (2014)f, d [44] | > = 15 | 38.8f | 47.1f | 0.82 |
Undiagnosed OR = 1.85[1.49–2.27]g, p < 0.05 |
|
| Mirza, A.A. et al. (2016) [51] | > = 30 | 49.7 | 62.8 | 0.79 | NS | |
| Lebanon | Matar, D. et al. (2015) [35] | > = 21 | 50.4 | 57.9 | 0.87 | OR = 0.6 [0.4–0.9]g, p < 0.05 |
| Morocco | Tazi, M.A.et al (2009) d [28] | > = 20 | 13.5 | 27.3 | 0.49 | P < 0.001e |
| Oman | Al-Riyami, A. et al. (2003) d [59] | > = 20 | NA | NA | NA | Significantly higher among females than males |
| Barakat, H. et al. (2008) [53] | > = 20 | 14.9 | 21.4 | 0.70 | NSe | |
| Abd El-Aty, MA. et al. (2015) f, d [27] | > = 18 | 13.7f | 39.1f | 0.35 |
Unawareness OR = 2.5 [1.7–3.3]g, p < 0.001 |
|
| Palestine | Khdour, M. R. et al. (2013) [48] | > = 25 | 39.8 | 53.8 | 0.74 | p < 0.01e |
| Tunisia | Ben Romdhane, H. et al. (2005) [31] | 40–69 | 30.2 | 48.3 | 0.63 | OR = 0.4 [0.3–0.5]g, p < 0.001 |
| Ben Romdhane, H. et al. (2012) d [47] | 35–74 | 28.8 | 44.8 | 0.64 | OR = 0.5 [0.4–0.6]g, p < 0.001 | |
| Yemen | Gunaid, A.A. et al. (2008) [54] | > = 35 | 25.0 | 38.0 | 0.66 | NSe |
| Modesti, P. A. et al. (2013) d [20] | 15–69 | 40.7 | 47.6 | 0.86 | NSg | |
| TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION | ||||||
| Treatment among hypertensive subjects (%) | ||||||
| Algeria | Temmar, M. et al. (2007) [57] | 40–99 | 13.7 | 43.1 | 0.32 | p < 0.0001e |
| Hamida,F.et al. (2013) [46] | > = 40 | 32.0 | 45.0 | 0.71 | P = 0.032e | |
| KSA | El-Bcheraoui, C. et al. (2014) f, d [44] | > = 15 | 33.0f | 42.2f | 0.78 | NA |
| Lebanon | Matar, D. et al. (2015) [35] | > = 20 | 46.1 | 54.0 | 0.85 | NS |
| Palestine | Khdour, M. R. et al. (2013) [48] | > = 25 | 36.1 | 43.3 | 0.83 | p = 0.02 |
| Yemen | Modesti, P. A. et al. (2013) d [20] | 15–69 | 36.5 | 43.6 | 0.84 | NSg |
| Treatment among aware hypertensive subjects (%) | ||||||
| Jordan | Jaddou, H. Y. et al. (2011) [40] | > = 25 | 67.0 | 61.9 | 1.08 | P = 0.01 |
| KSA | Saeed, A.A. et al. (2011) d [45] | 15–64 | 74.2 | 69.2 | 1.07 | NS |
| Morocco | Tazi, M.A. et al. (2009) d [28] | > = 20 | 26.3 | 44.9 | 0.59 | P = 0.042e |
| Tunisia | Ben Romdhane, H et al. (2005) [31] | 40–69 | 72.5 | 74.6 | 0.97 | NS |
| Ben Romdhane, H. et al. (2012)d [47] | 35–74 | 85.3 | 84.6 | 1.01 | NS | |
| CONTROL OF HYPERTENSION | ||||||
| Control among hypertensive subjects (%) | ||||||
| KSA | El-Bcheraoui, C. et al. (2014) f, d [44] | > = 15 | 13.9f | 20.5f | 0.68 | NA |
| Control among aware hypertensive subjects (%) | ||||||
| KSA | Siddiqui, S. et al. (2001) [60] | > = 18 | 37.7 | 23.8 | 1.58 | NSe |
| Mirza, A.A. et al. (2016) [51] | > = 30 | 37.2 | 39.5 | 0.94 | NS | |
| Jordan | Jaddou, H.Y. et al. (2000) [49] | > = 25 | 25.9 | 34.8 | 0.74 | NS |
| Khader, A.et al. (2014) [61] | > = 0/18 | 80.0 | 85.0 | 0.94 | OR = 1.4[1.2–1.4], p < 0.001 | |
| Oman | Abd El-Aty, MA. et al. (2015) f, d [27] | > = 18 | 26.9f | 38.3f | 0.70 |
Uncontrolled OR = 3.3[1.4–5.0]g, p < 0.001 |
| Sudan | Babiker, F. A. et al. (2013) [62] | > = 20 | 39.0 | 85.0 | 0.46 | p < 0.001 |
| Algeria, Morocco Tunisia | Nejjari, C.et al. (2013) [39] | > = 18 | 34.0 | 36.6 | 0.93 | p = 0.01 |
| Control among treated hypertensive subjects (%) | ||||||
| Algeria | Temmar, M. et al. (2007) [57] | 40–99 | 13.9 | 28.0 | 0.50 | NSe |
| Hamida,F. et al. (2013) [46] | > = 40 | 17.1 | 21.3 | 0.80 | NSe | |
| Jordan | Jaddou, H. Y. et al. (2011) [40] | > = 25 | 42.9 | 38.2 | 1.12 | NS |
| Kheirallah, K.A. et al. (2015) [41] | > = 25 | 23.3 | 24.5 | 0.95 | NS | |
| KSA | Saeed, A.A. et al. (2011) d [45] | 15–64 | 32.0 | 41.1 | 0.77 | NS |
| Lebanon | Matar, D.et al. (2015) [35] | > = 21 | 48.9 | 62.3 | 0.78 | p = 0.021 |
| Morocco | Tazi, M.A.et al (2009) d [28] | > = 20 | 20.0 | 11.3 | 1.77 | NSe |
| Palestine | Khdour, M. R. et al. (2013) [48] | > = 25 | 29.3 | 35.9 | 0.82 | p = 0.01 |
| Tunisia | Ben Romdhane, H. et al. (2005) [31] | 40–69 | 16.8 | 12.0 | 1.40 | NS |
| Masmoudi, J. et al. (2010) [58] | 61.8 ± 11.9 | 46.3 | 27.1 | 1.71 | p = 0.047 | |
| Ben Romdhane, H. et al. (2012) d [47] | 35–74 | 27.5 | 22.8 | 1.21 | NS | |
| Yemen | Modesti, P. A. et al. (2013) d [20] | 15–69 | 17.2 | 28.8 | 0.60 | OR = 0.5 [0.3–0.9]g, p < 0.05 |
F Female, M Male, NA Not available, NS Not significant, OR Odds ratio
aFour studies were based on hypertensive populations (Khader et al., 2014, Siddiqui et al. 2001, Babiker et al., 2013 and Masmoudi et al., 2010) while the remaining studies were based on general populations
bNumber of BP measurements was not mentioned in 5 studies (Barakat et al., 2008; Jaddou et al., 2000; Jaddou et al., 2003; Jaddou et al., 2011; Masmoudi et al., 2010;). For the other studies, BP were recorded as the average of a) 2 BP measurements (Al Riyami et al., 2003; Amin et al., 2014; Ben Romdhane et al., 2005; Ben Romdhane et al., 2012; Gunaid et al., 2008; Kalantan et al., 2001; Kheirallah et al., 2015; Khdour et al., 2013; Mirza et al., 2016; Mohamad et al., 2000; Nejjari et al., 2013;), b) the last 2 BP measurements out of 3 (Hamidaa et al., 2013; Tazi et al., 2009; Temmar et al., 2007), c) 3 BP measurements (Abel el Aty et al., 2015; Babiker et al., 2013; El-Bcheraoui et al., 2014; Saeed et al., 2011), d) 2 or 3BP (Matar et al., 2015), e) 4 BP out of 6 (Modesti et al., 2013), f) on several separate occasions (Khader et al., 2014), and g) last 3 BP readings at least 3 months apart (Siddiqui et al., 2001)
cAge is reported in years either as age group or as mean age ± standard deviation
dNationally representative studies
eIndicates that significance was calculated based on reviewer’s calculations using chi-square test for aggregated data
fAwareness/unawareness, controlled/uncontrolled blood pressure rates are weighted in the original publications (Abd El-Aty et al., 2015; El-Bcheraoui et al., 2014)
gResults of multivariate regression analyses were reported. The odd ratios for awareness/unawareness, undiagnosed, treatment and controlled/uncontrolled blood pressure are all presented with “female” being the reference variable. In Abd El-Aty et al., 2015 and El-Bcheraoui et al., 2014 odd ratios for undiagnosed hypertension, unawareness and uncontrolled blood pressure are reported