Table 2.
Application of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in the treatment of kidney diseases.
| Treatment regimens | Protocols | References |
|---|---|---|
| EVs | MSCs were incubated with 10% exosome-depleted fetal bovine serum for 24–72 h and then collected to be centrifuged at 3000g for 20 min to remove cell debris. The supernatant was ultracentrifuged at 100,000g for 1–2 h at 4°C. Exosomes were then washed once with serum-free M199 or PBS and stored at −80°C | Ebrahim et al.;24 Guo et al.;28 Zhu et al.;30 Wang et al.;33 Jin et al.; Kilpinen et al.;80 Nagaishi etal.;107 Zhong et al.111 |
| BMSCs | Femurs and tibiae were flushed with a 20 g needle containing DMEM nutrient mixture F-12 and then cultured in 10% FBS incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 | Yin et al.;38 Rashed et al.39 Song et al.;5 Xie et al.56 |
| ASCs and AFSCs | ASCs of iguinnal adipose tissue were isolated from C57 background mice, while AFSCs were obtained via amniocentesis from healthy pregnant mice with a C57 background. Both of them were cultured in StemPro MSC SFM supplemented with 10% FBS incubating at 37°C and 5% CO2 | Tang et al.;41 Zhang et al.60 |
| USCs | The centrifugation of urine sample was at 400g for 10 min at room temperature. Then discard the supernatant and wash the sediment with PBS. After centrifugation again, use DMEM to resuspend with 2% FBS, 10 ng/mL human epidermal growth factor, 2 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor, 1 ng/mL transforming growth factor-β, 2 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, 0.5 mM cortisol, 25 mg/mL insulin, 20 mg/mL transferrin, 549 ng/mL adrenaline, 50 ng/mL triiodothyronine and L-glutamine | Tian et al.63 |
| hUC-MSCs | Umbilical cord was washed by PBS containing antibiotics and minced into 1 mm three pieces. Thereafter, the pieces were seeded into cell culture dishes with low-glucose DMEM-containing 10% FBS incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 | Liu et al.;56 Wang et al.75 |
Note: Clinical use of stem cells has focused on applications for lupus nephritis100 and monoclonal immunoglobulin-related renal disease,101 including AL amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, heavy chain deposition disease, and myeloma-related renal disease. Because of immunogenicity, autologous peripheral blood stem cells are used in treatment. Study has shown using stem cells could improve remission rate and patient survival in monoclonal immunoglobulin-related renal disease.102 Studies on CKD have shown that infusing BMSCs or autologous CD34+ cells was safe and tolerable for CKD patients, with no significant change of kidney function.103,104 However, in AKI after cardiac surgery, using allogeneic MSCs did not improve the time to kidney function recovery, indicating the mechanisms of action behind the use of stem cell treatments in AKI patients have yet to be fully elucidated.