Table 1.
Variety of therapeutic agents used in clinical trials registered to treat COVID-19
| Group | Therapeutic agent | Example of clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT number | Country | Recruitment status | Phase | ||
| Serum | Convalescent serum | NCT04327349 | Iran | Enrolling by invitation | Phase I |
| Convalescent plasma | NCT04372979 | France | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| NCT04343755 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04363034 | USA | Available | NA | ||
| NCT04333355 | Mexico | Recruiting | Phase I | ||
| Inactivated convalescent plasma | NCT04292340 | China | Recruiting | Phase I | |
| Immunoglobulin of cured patients | NCT04264858 | China | Not yet recruiting | NA | |
| Immunoglobulins obtained with DFPP | NCT04346589 | Italy | Recruiting | NA | |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Tocilizumab | NCT04322773 | Denmark | Recruiting | Phase II |
| NCT04317092 | Italy | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04331795 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04377659 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04345445 | Malaysia | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | ||
| Sarilumab | NCT04315298 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| NCT04324073 | France | Recruiting | Phase II/III | ||
| Avdoralimab | NCT04371367 | France | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Gimsilumab | NCT04351243 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Siltuximab | NCT04329650 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Bevacizumab | NCT04275414 | China | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Eculizumab | NCT04288713 | USA | Available | Phase I | |
| Emapalumab | NCT04324021 | Sweden | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Clazakizumab | NCT04381052 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Canakinumab | NCT04362813 | USA, Spain, UK | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| NCT04348448 | Italy | Not yet recruiting | NA | ||
| Olokizumab | NCT04380519 | Russia | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Otilimab | NCT04376684 | UK | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Sirukumab | NCT04380961 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Emapalumab | NCT04324021 | Sweden | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Lenzilumab | NCT04351152 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Leronlimab | NCT04343651 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Ravulizumab | NCT04369469 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Nivolumab | NCT04343144 | France | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Meplazumab | NCT04275245 | China | Recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| CD24Fc | NCT04317040 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| TJ003234 | NCT04341116 | USA | Recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| IC14 | NCT04346277 | Italy | Available | NA | |
| Anakinra | NCT04362111 | UK | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Anakinra vs. siltuximab vs. tocilizumab | NCT04330638 | Belgium | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Interferons | IFN-α | NTC04320236 | China | Recruiting | Phase III |
| Interferon beta-1A | NCT04350671 | Iran | Enrolling by invitation | Phase IV | |
| Recombinant human interferon α1β | NCT04293887 | China | Not yet recruiting | Early Phase I | |
| Recombinant human interferon alpha-1b | NCT04320238 | China | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Peginterferon lambda-1a | NCT04331899 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Pegylated interferon lambda | NCT04343976 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| NK cells | NK cells | NCT04280224 | China | Recruiting | Phase I |
| NCT04344548 | Colombia | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | ||
| iPSC-derived NK cells | NCT04324996 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | |
| IL15-NK cells vs. NKG2D CAR-NK cells vs. ACE2 CAR-NK cells vs. NKG2D-ACE2 CAR-NK cells | NCT04324996 | China | Recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| CYNK-001 | NCT04365101 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| Kinase inhibitors | Ruxolitinib | NCT04362137 | UK | Recruiting | Phase III |
| NCT04348071 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | ||
| NCT04355793 | USA | Available | NA | ||
| NCT04354714 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04377620 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III | ||
| Baricitinib | NCT04340232 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| NCT04358614 | Italy | Completed | Phase II/III | ||
| NCT04346147 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Acalabrutinib | NCT04346199 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| NCT04380688 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Duvelisib | NCT04372602 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Tofacitinib | NCT04332042 | Italy | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Imatinib | NCT04346147 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Ibrutinib | NCT04375397 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Nintedanib | NCT04338802 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Other immunosuppressors | Fingolimod | NCT04280588 | China | Recruiting | Phase II |
| Sirolimus | NCT04341675 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Tacrolimus | NCT04341038 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Lenalidomide | NCT04361643 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Methotrexate | NCT04352465 | Brazil | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| Antivirals | Remdesivir | NCT04292899 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III |
| NCT04280705 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III | ||
| NCT04365725 | France | Available | NA | ||
| Favipiravir | NCT04336904 | Italy | Active, not recruiting | Phase III | |
| NCT04346628 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04349241 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | ||
| Umifenovir | NCT04350684 | Iran | Enrolling by invitation | Phase IV | |
| Abidol hydrochloride vs. oseltamivir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir | NCT04255017 | China | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | NCT04330690 | Canada | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| NCT04307693 | Korea | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04346147 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04328285 | France | Recruiting | Phase III | ||
| Galidesivir | NCT03891420 | Brazil | Recruiting | Phase I | |
| Danoprevir, ritonavir | NCT04345276 | China | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Darunavir/cobicistat | NCT04252274 | China | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Virazole | NCT04356677 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | |
| Clevudine | NCT04347915 | Korea | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Nitazoxanide | NCT04348409 | Brazil | Recruiting | NA | |
| NCT04359680 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | NCT04329611 | Canada | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| NCT04323631 | Israel | Not yet recruiting | Early Phase I | ||
| NCT04340544 | Germany | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | ||
| NCT04345692 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III | ||
| NCT04362332 | Netherlands | Recruiting | Phase IV | ||
| Antibiotics | Azithromycin | NCT04332107 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase III |
| Doxycycline | NCT04371952 | France | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Carrimycin | NCT04286503 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Decoy biomolecules | rhACE2, rhACE2 | NCT04287686 | China | Withdrawn | NA |
| NCT04335136 | Austria, Denmark, Germany | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| rbACE2 | NCT04375046 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | |
| PUL-042, PUL-042 | NCT04313023 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| NCT04312997 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Rhu-pGSN | NCT04358406 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Piclidenoson | NCT04333472 | Israel | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| ACE inhibitors and AR blockers | Ramipril | NCT04366050 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II |
| Valsartan | NCT04335786 | Netherlands | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Losartan | NCT04335123 | USA | Recruiting | Phase I | |
| Telmisartan | NCT04355936 | Argentina | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| NCT04360551 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| MSC and other cells | Cardiosphere-derived cells | NCT04338347 | USA | Available | NA |
| Dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells | NCT04302519 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | |
| Dental pulp stem cells | NCT04336254 | China | Recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| MSC exosomes | NCT04276987 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | |
| MSC | NCT04252118 | China | Recruiting | Phase I | |
| NCT04361942 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04377334 | Germany | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| AD MSC | NCT04362189 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| NCT04352803 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | ||
| NCT04366323 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | ||
| BM-MSC | NCT04346368 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| NCT04345601 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Early Phase I | ||
| UC-MSC | NCT04355728 | USA | Recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| NCT04273646 | China | Not yet recruiting | NA | ||
| NCT04333368 | France | Recruiting | Phase I/II | ||
| NCT04269525 | China | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04339660 | China | Recruiting | Phase I/II | ||
| NCT04366271 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| WJ-MSC | NCT04313322 | Jordan | Recruiting | Phase I | |
| Corticosteroids | Ciclesonide | NCT04330586 | Korea | Not yet recruiting | Phase II |
| NCT04381364 | Sweden | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Budesonide | NCT04355637 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Dexamethasone | NCT04325061 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | Phase IV | |
| NCT04360876 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Prednisone | NCT04344288 | France | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Prednisone vs. hydrocortisone | NCT04359511 | France | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Methylprednisolone | NCT04273321 | China | Suspended | NA | |
| NCT04274071 | USA | Completed | NA | ||
| Methylprednisolone sodium succinate | NCT04343729 | Brazil | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Sedatives, antidepressants, neuroleptics | Chlorpromazine | NCT04366739 | France | Not yet recruiting | Phase III |
| NCT04354805 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | ||
| Thalidomide | NCT04273529 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Fluvoxamine | NCT04342663 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Fluoxetine | NCT04377308 | USA | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Dexmedetomidine | NCT04358627 | Spain | Not yet recruiting | NA | |
| Others | Azoximer bromide | NCT0438177 | Russia | Recruiting | Phase II/III |
| Etoposide | NCT04356690 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Bicalutamide | NCT04374279 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Selinexor | NCT04349098 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Melphalan | NCT04380376 | Russia | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Bromhexine | NCT04355026 | Slovenia | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| N-acetylcysteine | NCT04374461 | USA | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Sargramostim | NCT04326920 | Belgium | Recruiting | Phase IV | |
| Angiotensin peptide (1-7) derived plasma | NCT04375124 | Turkey | Recruiting | NA | |
| Defibrotide | NCT04335201 | Italy | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Aviptadil | NCT04311697 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| Dornase alpha | NCT04355364 | France | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Nafamostat mesilate | NCT04352400 | Italy | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Camostat mesilate | NCT04321096 | Denmark | Not yet recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| NCT04353284 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Almitrine | NCT04357457 | France | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Sildenafil citrate | NCT04304313 | China | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Progesterone | NCT04365127 | USA | Recruiting | Phase I | |
| Colchicine | NCT04375202 | Italy | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| NCT04355143 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| Tetrandrine | NCT04308317 | China | Enrolling by invitation | Phase IV | |
| Vazegepant | NCT04346615 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Dapagliflozin | NCT04350593 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Isotretinoin | NCT04361422 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Deferoxamine | NCT04333550 | Iran | Recruiting | Phase I/II | |
| SnPP protoporphyrin | NCT04371822 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase I | |
| Ascorbic acid | NCT04363216 | USA | Not yet recruiting | Phase II | |
| BACTEK-R | NCT04363814 | Spain | Not yet Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Traditional Chinese medicine | NCT04323332 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase III | |
| Huaier granule | NCT04291053 | China | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Combined | Favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine | NCT04359615 | Iran | Not yet recruiting | Phase IV |
| NCT04376814 | Iran | Enrolling by invitation | NA | ||
| Favipiravir, tocilizumab | NCT04310228 | China | Recruiting | NA | |
| Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin | NCT04328272 | Pakistan | Not yet Recruiting | Phase III | |
| NCT04329832 | USA | Recruiting | Phase II | ||
| NCT04359316 | Iran | Not yet recruiting | Phase IV | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide | NCT04361318 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, tocilizumab | NCT04332094 | Spain | Recruiting | Phase II | |
| Hydroxychloroquine vs. hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir vs. hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin | NCT04359095 | Colombia | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Hydroxychloroquine, famotidine | NCT04370262 | USA | Recruiting | Phase III | |
| Ivermectin, Nitazoxanide | NCT04360356 | Egypt | Not yet recruiting | Phase II/III | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, interferon beta-1B | NCT04276688 | China | Completed | Phase II | |
| Met-enkephalin, tridecactide | NCT04374032 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Recruiting | Phase II/III | |
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme; AR angiotensin receptor; DFPP double-filtration plasmapheresis; MSC mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells; AD MSC adipose-derived MSC; BM-MSC bone marrow–derived MSC; UC-MSC umbilical cord–derived MSC; WJ-MSC Wharton jelly–derived MSC; NK cells natural killer cells; rhACE2 recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; rbACE2 recombinant bacterial angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Rhu-pGSN recombinant human plasma gelsolin