Table 1.
Summary of studies of post-transplant diabetes medications
| Agent | Study Year | Study Authors | Type of Study | Population Type | No. of Participants | Outcomes | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glipizide | 1998 | Sagedal et al. (55) | Prospective study | Kidney transplant recipients | 11 | Glipizide does not change cyclosporin metabolism | 9850449 |
| Rosiglitazone | 2004 | Baldwin et al. (56) | Prospective cohort study/observational study | Solid organ recipients | 18 | Rosiglitazone can be used as a well tolerated and safe alternative to insulin | 15087762 |
| Rosiglitazone | 2005 | Pietruck et al. (57) | Prospective cohort study/observational study | Kidney transplant recipients | 22 | Rosiglitazone improves fasting blood glucose without changing tacrolimus or cyclosporin levels | 15773972 |
| Repaglinide | 2006 | Türk et al. (58) | Observational study | Kidney transplant recipients | 23 | Repaglinide can be a safe option, specifically in white patients | 16539642 |
| Gliquidone | 2008 | Tuerk et al. (59) | Retrospective database study | Kidney transplant recipients | 47 | Gliquidone improves fasting blood glucose, similar efficacy as rosiglitazone | 18793545 |
| Metformin | 2008 | Kurian et al. (60) | Retrospective chart review | Kidney transplant recipients | 32 | Metformin is safe for an average of 16 mo after transplant | 19095596 |
| Metformin | 2014 | Stephen et al. (61) | Retrospective cohort study | Kidney transplant recipients | 46,914 | Metformin is not associated with negative allograft or patient survival effects | 25613554 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 2008 | Kurian et al. (60) | Retrospective chart review | Kidney transplant recipients | 46 | Thiazolidinediones are safe for an average of 37 mo after transplant | 19095596 |
| Sitagliptin | 2011 | Lane et al. (62) | Pilot study | Kidney transplant recipients | 15 | Sitagliptin can significantly reduce HbA1c without changes in tacrolimus, sirolimus, and eGFR | 22067216 |
| Sitagliptin | 2014 | Boerner et al. (63) | Retrospective analysis | Kidney transplant recipients | 22 | Sitagliptin is safe for treatment in kidney transplant recipients | 24817885 |
| Vildagliptin | 2013 | Werzowa et al. (64) | Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Kidney transplant recipients | 48 | Vildagliptin significantly decreases HbA1c and 3-mo 2-h plasma glucose | 23380864 |
| Vildagliptin | 2013 | Gueler et al. (65) | Retrospective study | Heart transplant recipients | 30 | Vildagliptin can significantly decrease average glucose levels and HbA1c | 23630415 |
| Pioglitazone | 2013 | Werzowa et al. (64) | Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Kidney transplant recipients | 48 | Pioglitazone significantly decreases HbA1c, improves fasting plasma glucose, and 3-mo 2-h plasma glucose | 23380864 |
| Liraglutide | 2013 | Pinelli et al. (66) | Patient series | Kidney transplant recipients | 5 | Liraglutide administered together with tacrolimus does not change tacrolimus levels | 24065848 |
| Liraglutide | 2018 | Liou et al. (67) | Retrospective analysis | Kidney transplant recipients | 7 | Liraglutide improved weight, glucose control, and eGFR | 30316386 |
| Empagliflozin | 2019 | Halden et al. (68) | Single-center, prospective, doubly blind study | Kidney transplant recipients | 49 | Empagliflozin decreases body weight and improves glycemic control | 30862658 |
| Empagliflozin | 2019 | Schwaiger et al. (69) | Prospective, interventional pilot study | Kidney transplant recipients | 14 | Empagliflozin improves β-cell sensitivity, decreases oral glucose insulin sensitivity, and decreases body weight | 30585690 |
PMID, PubMed reference number; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.