Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19
| Variables | All Patients | Moderate | Severe | Critically Ill | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 333 | 144 (43.2%) | 133 (39.9%) | 56 (16.8%) | |
| Days from onset | 9 (7–11) | 8 (6–11) | 10 (7–11) | 8 (6–11) | 0.12a |
| Age, yr | 56.3±13.4 | 50.9±12.5 | 58.1±12.3 | 63.1±11.0 | <0.001a |
| Male patient, % | 182/333 (54.7%) | 67/144 (46.5%) | 79/133 (59.4%) | 36/56 (64.3%) | 0.03b |
| Fever, % | 301/333 (90.4%) | 126/144 (87.5%) | 123/133 (92.5%) | 52/56 (92.9%) | 0.16b |
| Cough, % | 229/333 (68.8%) | 98/144 (68.1%) | 94/133 (70.7%) | 37/56 (66.1%) | 0.94b |
| Dyspnea, % | 190/333 (57.1%) | 71/144 (49.3%) | 85/133 (63.9%) | 34/56 (60.7%) | 0.05b |
| Diarrhea, % | 108/333 (32.4%) | 42/144 (29.2%) | 41/133 (30.8%) | 25/55 (49.1%) | 0.06b |
| Hypertension, % | 107/332 (32.2%) | 37/144 (25.7%) | 43/133 (32.3%) | 27/55 (49.1%) | 0.003b |
| ACEI/ARB history, % | 37/321 (11.5%) | 12/143 (8.4%) | 14/126 (11.1%) | 11/52 (21.2%) | 0.02b |
| ACEI/ARB | 11/26 | 0/12 | 6/8 | 5/6 | |
| Diabetes, % | 76/332 (22.9%) | 20/144 (13.9%) | 32/133 (24.1%) | 24/55 (43.6%) | <0.001b |
| SPO2 (%) | 93 (91.0–97.0) | 97.0 (96.0–98.0) | 92.0 (90.0–93.0) | 89.5 (80.0–93.0) | <0.001a |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 126 (115–138) | 124 (114–132) | 128 (116–141) | 135 (118–145) | 0.001a |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 78 (72–86) | 77 (72–86) | 78 (71–87) | 79 (73–86) | 0.76a |
| Blood sugar, mmol/L | 6.6 (5.7–8.1) | 6.0 (5.4–7.1) | 6.9 (5.9–8.6) | 7.8 (6.3–12.4) | <0.001a |
| CRP, mg/L | 44.1 (16.3–90.8) | 22.1 (7.5–45.3) | 58.1 (32.5–101.4) | 69.7 (42.9–119.6) | <0.001a |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 31.0 (18.0–58.8) | 27.0 (14.3–50.3) | 39.0 (22.0–64.0) | 31.0 (22.0–58.0) | 0.004a |
| ALT, U/L | 24.0 (15.0–38.3) | 20.0 (13.0–33.0) | 26.0 (18.5–39.5) | 29.0 (18.0–43.0) | 0.001a |
| AST, U/L | 31.0 (22.0–48.0) | 24.0 (20.0–38.0) | 33.0 (24.0–50.5) | 40.5 (25.5–62.3) | <0.001a |
| HsTnI, pg/ml | 5.4 (3.3–14.0) | 4.6 (2.5–7.0) | 4.8 (3.1–11.7) | 11.4 (6.3–21.6) | <0.001a |
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 139.0 (52.0–392.5) | 76.0 (23.0–152.0) | 157.5 (55.5–333.8) | 372.5 (155.3–758.3) | 0.002a |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 34.5±4.7 | 36.6±4.9 | 33.6±4.2 | 32.9±4.3 | <0.001a |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.3 (3.2–5.7) | 3.9 (3.1–5.0) | 4.4 (3.2–5.5) | 5.9 (4.6–8.6) | <0.001a |
| SCR, μmol/L | 70.0 (57.0–84.0) | 66.5 (56.0–81.0) | 69.0 (57.0–84.0) | 77.0 (60.0–89.0) | <0.001a |
| Prothrombin time, sec | 14.1 (13.5–14.8) | 14.0 (13.2–14.5) | 14.3 (13.5–14.9) | 14.4 (13.8–14.9) | 0.004a |
| D-dimer, mg/L | 0.73 (0.40–1.33) | 0.47 (0.32–1.10) | 0.80 (0.57–1.33) | 1.25 (0.64–5.90) | <0.001a |
| Neutrophils, 109/L | 3.79 (2.57–5.45) | 2.99 (2.14–4.13) | 4.06 (2.84–5.56) | 5.79 (3.79–8.59) | <0.001a |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | 0.86 (0.63–1.20) | 1.01 (0.72–1.44) | 0.78 (0.60–1.05) | 0.55 (0.43–0.80) | <0.001a |
| Eosinophils, 109/L | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.00 (0.00–0.09) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | <0.001a |
| Monocytes, 109/L | 0.39 (0.28–0.51) | 0.41 (0.30–0.53) | 0.36 (0.26–0.52) | 0.38 (0.22–0.49) | 0.16a |
| Serum TNFα, pg/ml | 8.6 (7.0–10.7) | 8.1 (6.8–9.8) | 9.3 (7.6–11.6) | 9.3 (6.8–11.1) | 0.09a |
| Serum IL-10, pg/ml | 5.7 (5.0–10.2) | 5.0 (5.0–8.1) | 6.4 (5.0–10.4) | 8.0 (5.0–15.1) | 0.01a |
| Serum IL-6, pg/ml | 19.9 (8.0–45.4) | 13.2 (3.8–23.1) | 27.1 (11.8–60.0) | 32.8 (17.8–62.6) | <0.001a |
| Serum IL-2R, U/ml | 669 (459–963) | 546 (455–743) | 766 (595–1050) | 1026 (378–1260) | <0.001a |
| Proteinuria, % | 219/333 (65.8%) | 63/144 (43.8%) | 108/133 (81.2%) | 48/56 (85.7%) | <0.001b |
| Hematuria, % | 139/333 (41.7%) | 48/144 (33.3%) | 52/133 (39.1%) | 39/56 (69.6%) | <0.001b |
| AKI, % | 35/333 (10.5%) | 5/144 (3.5%) | 6/133 (4.5%) | 24/56 (42.9%) | <0.001b |
| Renal involvement, % | 251/333 (75.4%) | 89/144 (61.8%) | 111/133 (83.5%) | 51/56 (91.1%) | <0.001b |
| Death, % | 29/333 (8.7%) | 0 | 0 | 29/56 (52.8%) | <0.001b |
Data are presented as a number and percentage or mean±SD or median (25th–75th percentiles); eosinophils are presented as median (fifth–95th percentiles). SPO2, pulse oxygen saturation; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; HsTnI, high-sensitivity troponin; NT-proBNP, pro-brain natriuretic protein, N-terminal; SCR, serum creatinine.
a
Kruskal–Wallis test.
b
Wilcoxon rank-sum test.