Figure 5.
Treatment with SCFA acetate, butyrate, and propionate protects against DN. (A) Diabetic mice remained similarly hyperglycemic regardless of whether they received acetate, butyrate, propionate, or pH- and sodium-matched water. (B) Acetate and butyrate treatment reduced albuminuria at 12 weeks compared with control diabetic mice. Diabetic glomerular and interstitial changes including (C and D) VG, (E and F) podocyte injury, and (G and H) interstitial macrophage accumulation (I and J) were diminished with SCFA treatment versus control diabetic mice. Data are shown as means±SD; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001.