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Valinomycin is broadly antiviral. (A to D) Huh7 cells were treated with increasing doses of valinomycin for 2 h prior to infection at an MOI of 0.1 with (A) bunyaviruses KEYV and RVFV (strain MP12) for 48 h, (B) flavivirus ZIKV for 48 h, (C) enteroviruses HRV2 and CVB3 for 24 h, and (D) coronaviruses HCoV-229E and MERS-CoV for 24 h. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 using two-tailed Student’s t test; n ≥ 2. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean.
