(A) Simplified signaling pathway. (B–G) A549 cells were infected with WSN (1 MOI, 16 hours) after transfection with nontargeting siRNA (siControl) or siRNA against either HOIL-1L or HOIP. (B–E) Representative immunoblots of RIG-I activation (n = 4) (B–C), linear ubiquitination of NEMO (n = 3) (D), and p-IkBα, total IkBα, pIRF3, and total IRF3 (n = 4) (E). Means ± SD overlaid with individual data points representing replicates are depicted; *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001 (1-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test).