Urinary frequency and volume per void by group over time (average ± standard error). Water avoidance stress (WAS) increased urinary frequency and decreased volume per void (average ± standard error). Significant changes from baseline (**= p < 0.05) were noted for both groups in the frequency variable, and for the sedentary group in the volume/void variable, with no significant group difference. With voluntary exercise, the exercise group (WAS/EX, n = 12) showed a decline in urinary frequency and increase in volume per void back to baseline compared to the no-exercise group (WAS/no-EX, n = 14). Significant group differences for the frequency variable were noted at weeks 2 and 3 (*=p < 0.02 for both weeks), which was confirmed with multivariable mixed modeling (p = 0.02). For the volume/void variable, there was a trend towards significance (p = 0.08) at week 3, with significant group differences demonstrated on multivariable mixed modeling (p = 0.02). Data presented is reproduced from Sanford et al. [82].