Table 3.
The Within-Group and Between-Group Analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, and SF-36 Scores in Two Groups, CAU Group (n=10) and CAU + Intervention Group (n=10)
| Variables | CAU Group | Within-Group P | CAU+Interv. Group | Within-Group P | Between Groups After Treatment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Mean (SD) | Outcome Mean (SD) | Baseline Mean (SD) | Outcome Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (SE) | P value | Effect Size | ||||
| PSQI | SSQ | 2.3(0.48) | 2.3(0.48) | 1* | 2.4(0.52) | 1(0) | 0.004* | −1.3(0.15) | <0.001*** | 0.90 |
| SL | 2.5(0.71) | 2.6(0.70) | 0.317* | 2.5(0.97) | 1.4(0.70) | 0.009* | −1.2(0.31) | 0.003*** | 0.48 | |
| SDU | 2.1(0.74) | 2.1(0.74) | 1* | 2.5(0.53) | 1.2(0.42) | 0.004* | −0.9(0.27) | 0.011*** | 0.39 | |
| SE | 2(0.94) | 2(0.94) | 1* | 2.5(0.52) | 1.4(0.52) | 0.005* | −0.6(0.34) | 0.19*** | – | |
| SDB | 1.7(0.67) | 2.1(0.73) | 0.206* | 2(0.67) | 1.2(0.63) | 0.023* | −0.9(0.31) | 0.02*** | 0.32 | |
| USM | 0.4(0.96) | 0(0) | 0.180* | 1.1(1.23) | 0(0) | 0.024* | 0(0) | 1*** | – | |
| DD | 1.8(0.79) | 2.1(0.74) | 0.317* | 2.2(0.79) | 0.9(0.32) | 0.006* | −1.2(0.25) | 0.001*** | 0.61 | |
| Total | 12.8(2.85) | 13.2(3.48) | 0.42** | 15.2(2.44) | 7.2(1.03) | <0.001** | −6(1.15) | <0.001**** | 0.60 | |
| FIS | CFI | 13.5(7.2) | 14.8(7.61) | 0.041** | 20.5(5.97) | 11.5(4.24) | 0.008* | −13.3(2.8) | <0.001*** | 0.68 |
| PFI | 27.4(2.99) | 29.9(4.36) | 0.059* | 29.3(5.33) | 17.6(4.94) | 0.005* | −12.3(2.1) | <0.001*** | 0.76 | |
| SFI | 39.3(10.11) | 42.9(12.6) | 0.050* | 47.2(9.49) | 24.6(8.40) | 0.005* | −18.3(4.8) | <0.001*** | 0.72 | |
| Total | 80.2(18.94) | 87.6(21.52) | 0.012** | 97(15.53) | 53.7(13.57) | <0.001** | −33.9(8.04) | <0.001**** | 0.82 | |
| FSS | Total | 5.97(0.86) | 6.52(0.46) | 0.018** | 6.3(0.79) | 4.67(1.05) | 0.005** | −1.85(0.36) | <0.001**** | 0.76 |
| SF-36 | PF | 50 (21.86) | 44.5(18.92) | 0.026* | 50.5(21.92) | 76(16.12) | 0.005* | 31.5(7.86) | <0.001*** | 0.76 |
| RP | 25(23.57) | 15(17.4) | 0.414* | 12.5(17.68) | 55(34.9) | 0.241* | 40(12.4) | 0.001*** | 0.61 | |
| RE | 20(17.21) | 10(16.1) | 0.083* | 6.67(14.05) | 76.7(16.11) | 0.005* | 66.65(7.2) | <0.001*** | 0.80 | |
| VT | 38(7.89) | 35.5(8.32) | 0.096* | 36(9.66) | 53.3(8.82) | 0.005* | 17.75(3.83) | <0.001*** | 0.76 | |
| MH | 54.4(10.19) | 56.4(11.1) | 0.518* | 50.33(12.9) | 70.8(8.65) | 0.005* | 14.4(4.44) | 0.001*** | 0.58 | |
| SF | 50(10.21) | 50 (10.2) | 1* | 57.5(13.44) | 65(14.2) | 0.084* | 15(5.52) | 0.143*** | - | |
| BP | 52(16.24) | 52(16.3) | 0.317* | 50.8(12.42) | 65(11.1) | 0.018* | 13.05(6.22) | 0.004*** | 0.51 | |
| GH | 32.49(12.2) | 32.5(12.2) | 0.317* | 34.6(11.46) | 45.4(16.84) | 0.035* | 12.92(6.58) | 0.02*** | 0.34 | |
| SF Sum. |
PCS | 159.5(50.1) | 143.9(48.3) | 0.087** | 148.3(37.13) | 241.41(38.1) | <0.001** | 113.8(13.9) | <0.001**** | 0.67 |
| MCS | 162.4(28.6) | 151.9(24.9) | 0.174** | 150.5(29.04) | 265.7(35.9) | <0.001** | 97.47(19.4) | <0.001**** | 0.82 | |
Notes: Data were presented as mean (standard deviation) and mean difference (Std. Error Difference). *Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test; **Paired t-test; ***Mann–Whitney U; ****independent T.
Abbreviations: PSQI, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SSQ, subjective sleep quality; SL, sleep latency; SDU, sleep duration; SE, sleep efficiency; SDB, sleep disturbance; USM, use of sleep medication; DD, daytime dysfunction; FIS, Fatigue Impact Scale; CFI, cognitive part of Fatigue Impact Scale; PFI, physical part of Fatigue Impact Scale; SFI, social part of Fatigue Impact Scale; FSS, fatigue Severity Scale; SF-36, The Short Form (36) Health Survey; PF, physical functioning; RP, role limitations due to physical health; RE, role limitations due to emotional problems; VT, energy/fatigue; MH, emotional well-being; SF, social functioning; BP, bodily pain; GH, general health; PCS, physical health component; MCS, mental health component score; CAU, care-as-usual in occupational therapy; CAU+ Interv., care-as-usual in occupational therapy + sleep intervention; SF-36 Sum, SF36 summary.