FIGURE 2.

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies and insufficiencies according to weight status (underweight, normal weight, overweight or obesity) in Malawian women of reproductive age (n = 723). Based on data from the 2015–2016 Malawi Micronutrient Survey. Urban (n = 117), Rural (n = 606). Prevalence estimates accounted for the complex sampling design. Survey weights were used to calculate nationally representative prevalence estimates. Overweight or obesity defined as BMI ≥25.0 kg/m². Anemia defined as hemoglobin (adjusted for altitude and smoking) <12.0 g/dL for nonpregnant women. Any micronutrient deficiency defined as a deficiency in 1 or more of the following micronutrients: zinc, iron, folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin A. Zinc deficiency defined as serum zinc concentration <70 μg/dL for morning fasted samples, <66 μg/dL for morning nonfasting samples, and <59 μg/dL for afternoon nonfasting samples. Iron deficiency defined as inflammation-corrected ferritin <15 μg/L. Folate deficiency was based on risk of megaloblastic anemia defined as serum folate concentration <6.8 nmol/L. Vitamin B-12 deficiency defined as serum vitamin B-12 concentration <150 pmol/L. Vitamin A deficiency defined as retinol-binding protein <0.46 μmol/L calibrated to equal retinol <0.7 μmol/L using regression analysis. Folate insufficiency defined as RBC folate concentration <748 nmol/L. Vitamin B-12 depletion defined as serum vitamin B-12 concentration <220 pmol/L. Vitamin A insufficiency defined as retinol-binding protein ≥0.46 to <0.86 μmol/L calibrated to equal retinol ≥0.7 to <1.05 μmol/L.