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. 2020 Feb 26;150(6):1499–1508. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa040

TABLE 3.

Nutrient intakes from foods and supplements among adult cancer survivors and individuals without cancer in the United States, NHANES 2003–20161

Total nutrient intake Nutrient intake from foods Nutrient intake from dietary supplements
Cancer survivors (n = 2772) Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) Mean difference2 P Cancer survivors (n = 2772) Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) Mean difference2 P Cancer survivors (n = 2772) Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) Mean difference2 P
Vitamins
 Vitamin A, RAE, μg/d 1045 ± 25.6 900 ± 8.56 145 ± 24.4 <0.013 671 ± 12.4 637 ± 5.21 33.1 ± 13.0 0.013 373 ± 19.3 263 ± 6.03 110 ± 18.7 <0.013
  β-carotene, RAE, μg/d 295 ± 12.6 249 ± 4.57 45.5 ± 12.0 <0.013 196 ± 6.62 181 ± 2.95 14.9 ± 6.17 0.023 98.5 ± 9.50 66.9 ± 2.55 29.8 ± 9.42 <0.013
  Retinol, RAE, μg/d 729 ± 16.7 628 ± 5.97 101 ± 16.5 <0.013 453 ± 7.89 434 ± 4.14 19.3 ± 8.53 0.033 277 ± 13.1 196 ± 4.57 80.7 ± 12.7 <0.013
 Vitamin C, mg/d 249 ± 12.6 196 ± 4.57 53.0 ± 12.4 <0.013 83.4 ± 1.58 84.5 ± 0.98 −1.20 ± 1.59 0.45 161 ± 11.8 112 ± 4.67 48.2 ± 11.3 <0.013
 Vitamin D, μg/d 25.2 ± 1.66 15.7 ± 0.52 9.40 ± 1.84 <0.013 4.90 ± 0.13 4.71 ± 0.06 0.20 ± 0.13 0.14 17.5 ± 1.57 9.14 ± 0.45 8.36 ± 1.69 <0.013
 Vitamin E, mg/d 50.6 ± 3.19 35.9 ± 1.06 14.7 ± 3.00 <0.013 7.70 ± 0.12 8.16 ± 0.10 −0.50 ± 0.15 <0.013 42.8 ± 3.20 27.7 ± 1.13 15.2 ± 3.97 <0.013
 Thiamin, mg/d 9.15 ± 1.06 6.02 ± 0.24 3.13 ± 1.03 <0.013 1.54 ± 0.04 1.65 ± 0.07 −0.11 ± 0.07 0.15 7.10 ± 0.95 4.41 ± 0.23 2.69 ± 0.94 <0.013
 Riboflavin, mg/d 7.24 ± 0.71 5.78 ± 0.20 1.44 ± 0.67 0.043 2.13 ± 0.04 2.19 ± 0.03 −0.07 ± 0.04 0.023 4.77 ± 0.52 3.55 ± 0.18 1.22 ± 0.52 0.023
 Niacin, mg/d 46.4 ± 2.99 38.1 ± 0.58 8.30 ± 3.01 <0.013 22.9 ± 0.24 25.8 ± 0.14 −2.90 ± 0.26 <0.013 22.3 ± 2.57 12.5 ± 0.56 9.88 ± 2.62 <0.013
 Vitamin B-6, mg/d 8.83 ± 0.61 6.96 ± 0.22 1.90 ± 0.67 <0.013 1.91 ± 0.01 2.10 ± 0.01 −0.20 ± 0.01 <0.013 6.77 ± 0.55 4.96 ± 0.22 1.81 ± 0.60 <0.013
 Folate, DFE, μg/d 880 ± 22.8 803 ± 7.97 77.8 ± 23.2 <0.013 500 ± 5.81 541 ± 3.97 −41.2 ± 6.39 <0.013 375 ± 20.0 263 ± 6.04 112 ± 20.6 <0.013
 Vitamin B-12, μg/d 83.3 ± 9.23 59.2 ± 3.55 24.1 ± 9.76 0.023 5.00 ± 0.08 5.25 ± 0.09 −0.29 ± 0.13 0.12 74.7 ± 7.06 53.2 ± 3.54 21.6 ± 7.76 <0.013
 Choline, mg/d 331 ± 5.64 349 ± 2.80 −17.3 ± 6.21 <0.013 318 ± 4.42 337 ± 1.69 −19.7 ± 4.55 <0.013 10.5 ± 2.52 10.2 ± 1.69 0.28 ± 3.13 0.93
 Vitamin K, μg/d 125 ± 8.27 113 ± 1.37 12.2 ± 8.21 0.14 104 ± 2.48 106 ± 1.28 −2.00 ± 2.51 0.43 23.1 ± 9.13 7.74 ± 0.22 15.3 ± 9.09 0.09
Minerals
 Calcium, mg/d 1196 ± 22.9 1126 ± 8.32 70.0 ± 23.0 <0.013 892 ± 11.8 960 ± 6.04 −68.4 ± 12.3 <0.013 298 ± 15.5 163 ± 3.95 135 ± 15.1 <0.013
 Selenium, μg/d 130 ± 2.79 138 ± 5.00 −8.70 ± 5.80 0.14 102 ± 1.40 115 ± 0.54 −12.6 ± 1.35 <0.013 26.1 ± 1.85 26.1 ± 7.48 −0.04 ± 7.69 0.99
 Magnesium, mg/d 347 ± 7.34 341 ± 3.09 5.40 ± 7.22 0.46 280 ± 3.08 299 ± 1.79 −19.8 ± 3.07 <0.013 65.6 ± 5.84 41.3 ± 1.68 24.2 ± 5.93 <0.013
 Potassium, mg/d 2631 ± 28.6 2719 ± 13.0 −87.5 ± 28.4 <0.013 2604 ± 28.1 2699 ± 12.7 −94.5 ± 28.1 <0.013 27.4 ± 1.79 19.9 ± 1.00 7.52 ± 2.12 <0.013
 Phosphorus, mg/d 1272 ± 15.4 1394 ± 6.76 −122 ± 15.3 <0.013 1251 ± 14.8 1380 ± 6.53 −129 ± 15.0 <0.013 20.8 ± 3.22 13.8 ± 0.80 6.99 ± 3.25 0.033
 Iron, mg/d 18.8 ± 0.40 19.0 ± 0.14 −0.20 ± 0.41 0.63 14.4 ± 0.17 15.3 ± 0.12 −0.90 ± 0.18 <0.013 4.42 ± 0.31 3.70 ± 0.09 0.72 ± 0.32 0.033
 Zinc, mg/d 19.1 ± 0.52 17.2 ± 0.17 1.96 ± 0.53 <0.013 10.9 ± 0.17 11.9 ± 0.10 −1.00 ± 0.19 <0.013 8.04 ± 0.44 5.32 ± 0.14 2.72 ± 0.45 <0.013
 Copper, mg/d 1.82 ± 0.05 1.73 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.05 0.053 1.21 ± 0.01 1.29 ± 0.01 −0.01 ± 0.01 <0.013 0.59 ± 0.26 0.43 ± 0.10 0.15 ± 0.27 <0.013
Other nutrients
 Lutein + zeaxanthin, μg/d 1756 ± 60.6 1653 ± 33.2 103 ± 64.3 0.11 1503 ± 44.7 1453 ± 23.4 50.0 ± 41.1 0.23 251 ± 37.1 205 ± 22.3 46.5 ± 41.0 0.26
 Lycopene, μg/d 4670 ± 72.8 5390 ± 26.9 −720 ± 75.4 <0.013 4480 ± 48.2 5280 ± 24.8 −800 ± 53.2 <0.013 203 ± 62.0 124 ± 12.7 79.2 ± 63.2 0.21
 Fiber, g/d 16.2 ± 0.26 16.9 ± 0.14 −0.70 ± 0.25 <0.013 15.9 ± 0.24 16.7 ± 0.13 −0.80 ± 0.23 <0.013 0.23 ± 0.06 0.18 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.06 0.38
 EPA or DHA, mg/d 172 ± 9.85 153 ± 3.46 19.1 ± 9.87 0.063 110 ± 5.43 112 ± 2.74 −2.00 ± 4.55 0.66 57.5 ± 7.32 40.3 ± 2.37 17.3 ± 7.03 0.023
1

Values are means ± SEs. The means and SEs were adjusted for survey weights of NHANES. We applied the National Cancer Institute method to estimate usual nutrient intake from foods and then add in the nutrient intake from supplements (the shrink-then-add method) (16). The total nutrient intake was calculated as the sum of intake from both foods and supplements. DFE, Dietary Folate Equivalents; RAE, Retinol Activity Equivalents.

2

The mean difference was calculated as the difference in mean intake between cancer survivors and individuals without cancer. A positive mean difference corresponds to a higher mean intake in cancer survivors than individuals without cancer, and a negative mean difference corresponds to a lower mean intake in cancer survivors than individuals without cancer.

3

Significant difference in nutrient intake amount between cancer survivors and individuals without cancer after multiple comparison adjustments using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. The difference was considered statistically significant when the Benjamini-Hochberg–adjusted P value was less than the false discovery rate of 0.10 (21).