TABLE 3.
Nutrient intakes from foods and supplements among adult cancer survivors and individuals without cancer in the United States, NHANES 2003–20161
Total nutrient intake | Nutrient intake from foods | Nutrient intake from dietary supplements | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | Mean difference2 | P | Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | Mean difference2 | P | Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | Mean difference2 | P | |
Vitamins | ||||||||||||
Vitamin A, RAE, μg/d | 1045 ± 25.6 | 900 ± 8.56 | 145 ± 24.4 | <0.013 | 671 ± 12.4 | 637 ± 5.21 | 33.1 ± 13.0 | 0.013 | 373 ± 19.3 | 263 ± 6.03 | 110 ± 18.7 | <0.013 |
β-carotene, RAE, μg/d | 295 ± 12.6 | 249 ± 4.57 | 45.5 ± 12.0 | <0.013 | 196 ± 6.62 | 181 ± 2.95 | 14.9 ± 6.17 | 0.023 | 98.5 ± 9.50 | 66.9 ± 2.55 | 29.8 ± 9.42 | <0.013 |
Retinol, RAE, μg/d | 729 ± 16.7 | 628 ± 5.97 | 101 ± 16.5 | <0.013 | 453 ± 7.89 | 434 ± 4.14 | 19.3 ± 8.53 | 0.033 | 277 ± 13.1 | 196 ± 4.57 | 80.7 ± 12.7 | <0.013 |
Vitamin C, mg/d | 249 ± 12.6 | 196 ± 4.57 | 53.0 ± 12.4 | <0.013 | 83.4 ± 1.58 | 84.5 ± 0.98 | −1.20 ± 1.59 | 0.45 | 161 ± 11.8 | 112 ± 4.67 | 48.2 ± 11.3 | <0.013 |
Vitamin D, μg/d | 25.2 ± 1.66 | 15.7 ± 0.52 | 9.40 ± 1.84 | <0.013 | 4.90 ± 0.13 | 4.71 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.14 | 17.5 ± 1.57 | 9.14 ± 0.45 | 8.36 ± 1.69 | <0.013 |
Vitamin E, mg/d | 50.6 ± 3.19 | 35.9 ± 1.06 | 14.7 ± 3.00 | <0.013 | 7.70 ± 0.12 | 8.16 ± 0.10 | −0.50 ± 0.15 | <0.013 | 42.8 ± 3.20 | 27.7 ± 1.13 | 15.2 ± 3.97 | <0.013 |
Thiamin, mg/d | 9.15 ± 1.06 | 6.02 ± 0.24 | 3.13 ± 1.03 | <0.013 | 1.54 ± 0.04 | 1.65 ± 0.07 | −0.11 ± 0.07 | 0.15 | 7.10 ± 0.95 | 4.41 ± 0.23 | 2.69 ± 0.94 | <0.013 |
Riboflavin, mg/d | 7.24 ± 0.71 | 5.78 ± 0.20 | 1.44 ± 0.67 | 0.043 | 2.13 ± 0.04 | 2.19 ± 0.03 | −0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.023 | 4.77 ± 0.52 | 3.55 ± 0.18 | 1.22 ± 0.52 | 0.023 |
Niacin, mg/d | 46.4 ± 2.99 | 38.1 ± 0.58 | 8.30 ± 3.01 | <0.013 | 22.9 ± 0.24 | 25.8 ± 0.14 | −2.90 ± 0.26 | <0.013 | 22.3 ± 2.57 | 12.5 ± 0.56 | 9.88 ± 2.62 | <0.013 |
Vitamin B-6, mg/d | 8.83 ± 0.61 | 6.96 ± 0.22 | 1.90 ± 0.67 | <0.013 | 1.91 ± 0.01 | 2.10 ± 0.01 | −0.20 ± 0.01 | <0.013 | 6.77 ± 0.55 | 4.96 ± 0.22 | 1.81 ± 0.60 | <0.013 |
Folate, DFE, μg/d | 880 ± 22.8 | 803 ± 7.97 | 77.8 ± 23.2 | <0.013 | 500 ± 5.81 | 541 ± 3.97 | −41.2 ± 6.39 | <0.013 | 375 ± 20.0 | 263 ± 6.04 | 112 ± 20.6 | <0.013 |
Vitamin B-12, μg/d | 83.3 ± 9.23 | 59.2 ± 3.55 | 24.1 ± 9.76 | 0.023 | 5.00 ± 0.08 | 5.25 ± 0.09 | −0.29 ± 0.13 | 0.12 | 74.7 ± 7.06 | 53.2 ± 3.54 | 21.6 ± 7.76 | <0.013 |
Choline, mg/d | 331 ± 5.64 | 349 ± 2.80 | −17.3 ± 6.21 | <0.013 | 318 ± 4.42 | 337 ± 1.69 | −19.7 ± 4.55 | <0.013 | 10.5 ± 2.52 | 10.2 ± 1.69 | 0.28 ± 3.13 | 0.93 |
Vitamin K, μg/d | 125 ± 8.27 | 113 ± 1.37 | 12.2 ± 8.21 | 0.14 | 104 ± 2.48 | 106 ± 1.28 | −2.00 ± 2.51 | 0.43 | 23.1 ± 9.13 | 7.74 ± 0.22 | 15.3 ± 9.09 | 0.09 |
Minerals | ||||||||||||
Calcium, mg/d | 1196 ± 22.9 | 1126 ± 8.32 | 70.0 ± 23.0 | <0.013 | 892 ± 11.8 | 960 ± 6.04 | −68.4 ± 12.3 | <0.013 | 298 ± 15.5 | 163 ± 3.95 | 135 ± 15.1 | <0.013 |
Selenium, μg/d | 130 ± 2.79 | 138 ± 5.00 | −8.70 ± 5.80 | 0.14 | 102 ± 1.40 | 115 ± 0.54 | −12.6 ± 1.35 | <0.013 | 26.1 ± 1.85 | 26.1 ± 7.48 | −0.04 ± 7.69 | 0.99 |
Magnesium, mg/d | 347 ± 7.34 | 341 ± 3.09 | 5.40 ± 7.22 | 0.46 | 280 ± 3.08 | 299 ± 1.79 | −19.8 ± 3.07 | <0.013 | 65.6 ± 5.84 | 41.3 ± 1.68 | 24.2 ± 5.93 | <0.013 |
Potassium, mg/d | 2631 ± 28.6 | 2719 ± 13.0 | −87.5 ± 28.4 | <0.013 | 2604 ± 28.1 | 2699 ± 12.7 | −94.5 ± 28.1 | <0.013 | 27.4 ± 1.79 | 19.9 ± 1.00 | 7.52 ± 2.12 | <0.013 |
Phosphorus, mg/d | 1272 ± 15.4 | 1394 ± 6.76 | −122 ± 15.3 | <0.013 | 1251 ± 14.8 | 1380 ± 6.53 | −129 ± 15.0 | <0.013 | 20.8 ± 3.22 | 13.8 ± 0.80 | 6.99 ± 3.25 | 0.033 |
Iron, mg/d | 18.8 ± 0.40 | 19.0 ± 0.14 | −0.20 ± 0.41 | 0.63 | 14.4 ± 0.17 | 15.3 ± 0.12 | −0.90 ± 0.18 | <0.013 | 4.42 ± 0.31 | 3.70 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.32 | 0.033 |
Zinc, mg/d | 19.1 ± 0.52 | 17.2 ± 0.17 | 1.96 ± 0.53 | <0.013 | 10.9 ± 0.17 | 11.9 ± 0.10 | −1.00 ± 0.19 | <0.013 | 8.04 ± 0.44 | 5.32 ± 0.14 | 2.72 ± 0.45 | <0.013 |
Copper, mg/d | 1.82 ± 0.05 | 1.73 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.053 | 1.21 ± 0.01 | 1.29 ± 0.01 | −0.01 ± 0.01 | <0.013 | 0.59 ± 0.26 | 0.43 ± 0.10 | 0.15 ± 0.27 | <0.013 |
Other nutrients | ||||||||||||
Lutein + zeaxanthin, μg/d | 1756 ± 60.6 | 1653 ± 33.2 | 103 ± 64.3 | 0.11 | 1503 ± 44.7 | 1453 ± 23.4 | 50.0 ± 41.1 | 0.23 | 251 ± 37.1 | 205 ± 22.3 | 46.5 ± 41.0 | 0.26 |
Lycopene, μg/d | 4670 ± 72.8 | 5390 ± 26.9 | −720 ± 75.4 | <0.013 | 4480 ± 48.2 | 5280 ± 24.8 | −800 ± 53.2 | <0.013 | 203 ± 62.0 | 124 ± 12.7 | 79.2 ± 63.2 | 0.21 |
Fiber, g/d | 16.2 ± 0.26 | 16.9 ± 0.14 | −0.70 ± 0.25 | <0.013 | 15.9 ± 0.24 | 16.7 ± 0.13 | −0.80 ± 0.23 | <0.013 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.38 |
EPA or DHA, mg/d | 172 ± 9.85 | 153 ± 3.46 | 19.1 ± 9.87 | 0.063 | 110 ± 5.43 | 112 ± 2.74 | −2.00 ± 4.55 | 0.66 | 57.5 ± 7.32 | 40.3 ± 2.37 | 17.3 ± 7.03 | 0.023 |
Values are means ± SEs. The means and SEs were adjusted for survey weights of NHANES. We applied the National Cancer Institute method to estimate usual nutrient intake from foods and then add in the nutrient intake from supplements (the shrink-then-add method) (16). The total nutrient intake was calculated as the sum of intake from both foods and supplements. DFE, Dietary Folate Equivalents; RAE, Retinol Activity Equivalents.
The mean difference was calculated as the difference in mean intake between cancer survivors and individuals without cancer. A positive mean difference corresponds to a higher mean intake in cancer survivors than individuals without cancer, and a negative mean difference corresponds to a lower mean intake in cancer survivors than individuals without cancer.
Significant difference in nutrient intake amount between cancer survivors and individuals without cancer after multiple comparison adjustments using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. The difference was considered statistically significant when the Benjamini-Hochberg–adjusted P value was less than the false discovery rate of 0.10 (21).