TABLE 4.
Percentage of cancer survivors and individuals without cancer with inadequate (intake < EAR) or excessive (≥UL) nutrient intake, NHANES 2003–20161
| Percentage with inadequate nutrient intake (<EAR), weighted % (95% CI) | Percentage with excess nutrient intake (≥UL), weighted % (95% CI) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total nutrient intake | Nutrient intake from foods | Total nutrient intake | Nutrient intake from foods | |||||||||
| Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | P | Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | P | Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | P | Cancer survivors (n = 2772) | Individuals without cancer (n = 31,310) | P | |
| Vitamin A2 | 23.9 (21.6–26.2) | 33.1 (31.9–34.3) | <0.013 | 39.3 (36.1–42.5) | 45.6 (44.2–47.0) | <0.013 | 0.60 (0.25–0.95) | 0.49 (0.33–0.67) | 0.61 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitamin C | 23.6 (21.7–25.5) | 29.7 (28.6–30.8) | <0.013 | 44.4 (41.8–47.0) | 44.7 (43.2–46.2) | 0.82 | 1.00 (0.49–1.50) | 0.76 (0.61–0.92) | 0.44 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitamin D | 46.6 (43.6–49.6) | 64.5 (63.3–65.7) | <0.013 | 94.4 (93.3–95.5) | 95.1 (94.5–95.7) | 0.19 | 3.62 (2.44–4.76) | 2.08 (1.66–2.54) | 0.023 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitamin E4 | 50.4 (47.4–53.5) | 58.9 (57.7–60.1) | <0.013 | 89.9 (88.4–91.4) | 87.1 (86.0–88.2) | <0.013 | 0.10 (0–0.29) | 0.20 (0.11–0.24) | 0.37 | 0 | 0 | |
| Folate5 | 9.66 (8.69–10.7) | 8.19 (7.58–8.82) | 0.013 | 16.6 (15.0–18.2) | 12.4 (11.5–13.3) | <0.013 | 4.76 (3.65–5.95) | 3.32 (2.98–3.62) | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitamin B-6 | 11.2 (10.1–12.4) | 7.10 (6.44–7.76) | <0.013 | 19.9 (18.0–21.8) | 11.3 (10.3–12.3) | <0.013 | 2.76 (1.95–3.65) | 1.34 (1.08–1.52) | <0.013 | 0 | 0 | |
| Niacin5 | 2.10 (1.69–2.51) | 1.16 (0.95–1.45) | <0.013 | 3.60 (2.90–4.30) | 1.80 (1.47–2.13) | <0.013 | 9.49 (7.86–11.1) | 6.26 (5.79–6.73) | <0.013 | – | – | |
| Choline6 | 92.3 (90.8–93.8) | 91.4 (90.6–92.2) | 0.17 | 93.7 (92.4–95.0) | 92.1 (91.3–92.9) | <0.013 | 0 | 0.10 (0.01–0.19) | 0.043 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitamin B-127 | 2.71 (2.21–3.19) | 2.59 (2.23–2.97) | 0.68 | 4.78 (3.94–5.66) | 4.04 (3.46–4.54) | 0.043 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Thiamin7 | 5.73 (4.86–6.54) | 4.78 (4.28–5.28) | 0.023 | 9.44 (8.11–10.7) | 7.02 (6.32–7.68) | <0.013 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Riboflavin7 | 1.99 (1.66–2.34) | 2.30 (2.02–2.58) | 0.09 | 3.23 (2.71–3.69) | 3.17 (2.82–3.58) | 0.99 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Vitamin K6, 7 | 49.6 (46.1–53.1) | 52.8 (51.0–54.6) | 0.08 | 57.5 (53.9–61.1) | 58.0 (56.3–59.7) | 0.79 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Calcium | 38.1 (35.5–40.7) | 31.6 (30.3–32.9) | <0.013 | 58.1 (55.5–60.7) | 42.6 (41.3–43.9) | <0.013 | 8.79 (7.41–10.2) | 3.83 (3.46–4.14) | <0.013 | 0.50 (0.34–0.66) | 0.40 (0.33–0.47) | 0.21 |
| Copper | 5.45 (4.68–6.32) | 4.46 (3.98–5.02) | 0.013 | 8.25 (7.21–9.39) | 6.00 (5.33–6.67) | <0.013 | 0.21 (0–0.49) | 0.21 (0.13–0.27) | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | |
| Iron | 1.52 (1.19–1.81) | 2.31 (2.03–2.57) | <0.013 | 2.07 (1.69–2.51) | 3.06 (2.76–3.44) | <0.013 | 2.77 (2.05–3.55) | 2.29 (2.09–2.51) | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | |
| Magnesium8 | 47.8 (45.2–50.4) | 46.7 (45.2–48.2) | 0.41 | 62.4 (60.0–64.9) | 55.9 (54.5–57.3) | <0.013 | 4.31 (3.21–5.42) | 2.59 (2.25–2.94) | <0.013 | – | – | |
| Phosphorus | 2.15 (1.64–2.56) | 1.21 (0.99–1.41) | <0.013 | 2.38 (1.92–2.88) | 1.32 (1.08–1.52) | <0.013 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Selenium | 1.02 (0.69–1.31) | 0.51 (0.35–0.65) | <0.013 | 1.55 (1.08–1.92) | 0.70 (0.52–0.88) | <0.013 | 1.32 (0.66–1.94) | 0.79 (0.64–0.96) | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zinc | 11.0 (9.47–12.5) | 10.1 (9.26–10.9) | 0.25 | 18.3 (15.9–20.7) | 14.5 (13.4–15.6) | <0.013 | 5.56 (4.46–6.74) | 3.50 (3.21–3.83) | <0.013 | 0 | 0 | |
| Potassium6, 7 | 67.3 (64.8–69.8) | 66.3 (65.2–67.4) | 0.43 | 68.6 (66.2–71.1) | 67.2 (66.1–68.3) | 0.26 | – | – | – | – | ||
Values are percentages (95% CIs). The percentages (95% CIs) were adjusted for survey weights of NHANES. We applied the National Cancer Institute method to estimate usual nutrient intake from foods and then add in the nutrient intake from supplements. The total nutrient intake was calculated as the sum of intake from both foods and supplements. AI, Adequate Intake; EAR, Estimated Average Requirement; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
UL for vitamin A applies to preformed vitamin A only (37).
Significant difference in percentage with inadequate or excess nutrient intake between cancer survivors and individuals without cancer after multiple comparison adjustments using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. The difference was considered statistically significant when the Benjamini-Hochberg–adjusted P value was less than the false discovery rate of 0.10 (21).
Vitamin E assessed as α-tocopherol; UL for vitamin E applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol (37).
ULs for niacin and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the 2 (37).
No EAR for choline, vitamin K, and potassium. The percentages estimated were percentages of intake less than the AI (37).
No UL for vitamin B-12, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin K, and potassium (37).
UL for magnesium represents intake from a pharmacological agent only and does not include intake from food and water (37).