TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the overall target population and according to AHEI-2010 quintiles: among middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos, HCHS/SOL: 2008–20111
| Quintiles of AHEI-20102 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | All | Q1 (0.00–42.24) | Q2 (42.25–46.49) | Q3 (46.50–50.61) | Q4 (50.62–55.59) | Q5 (55.60–110.00) | |
| n | 8461 | 1055 | 1487 | 1700 | 1953 | 2266 | P 3 |
| Age, y | 56.0 ± 0.1 | 52.9 ± 0.3 | 55.3 ± 0.3 | 56.5 ± 0.3 | 56.3 ± 0.4 | 57.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Sex, % | |||||||
| Female | 56.0 | 66.6 | 56.1 | 55.6 | 60.3 | 45.8 | <0.001 |
| Male | 44.0 | 33.4 | 43.9 | 44.4 | 39.7 | 54.2 | |
| Hispanic/Latino background, % | |||||||
| Central American | 6.7 | 2.1 | 5.8 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 10.3 | <0.001 |
| Cuban | 27.0 | 45.3 | 48.2 | 32.4 | 15.9 | 3.8 | |
| Dominican | 8.4 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 10.6 | 13.4 | 10.3 | |
| Mexican | 32.3 | 2.5 | 5.6 | 20.5 | 43.0 | 73.7 | |
| Puerto Rican | 17.4 | 41.9 | 27.6 | 17.4 | 9.4 | 1.4 | |
| South American | 5.8 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 3.9 | |
| Other/more than one | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.2 | |
| Education, % | |||||||
| <High school | 37.5 | 29.9 | 31.3 | 36.8 | 40.9 | 45.1 | <0.001 |
| High school | 22.0 | 28.5 | 28.0 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 17.3 | |
| >High school | 40.5 | 41.7 | 40.7 | 43.4 | 39.4 | 37.6 | |
| Annual household income, % | |||||||
| <$20,000 | 44.5 | 49.8 | 47.0 | 49.2 | 39.4 | 39.6 | <0.001 |
| $20,000–$50,000 | 35.1 | 33.2 | 32.5 | 32.8 | 38.0 | 38.0 | |
| >$50,000 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 9.9 | 13.1 | 16.4 | |
| Not reported | 8.8 | 9.2 | 11.8 | 8.1 | 9.5 | 6.0 | |
| Language preference, % | |||||||
| Spanish | 86.0 | 75.0 | 85.3 | 86.3 | 89.8 | 89.5 | <0.001 |
| English | 14.0 | 25.0 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 10.2 | 10.5 | |
| Depressive symptoms4 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1853 ± 11 | 1923 ± 21 | 1924 ± 19 | 1841 ± 23 | 1759 ± 18 | 1851 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 26.1 | 23.2 | 23.2 | 24.7 | 26.1 | 31.7 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 20.1 | 32.6 | 29.0 | 20.9 | 12.9 | 11.0 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive function | |||||||
| Global cognition5 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.057 |
| Verbal learning | 22.7 ± 0.1 | 22.2 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.2 | 22.5 ± 0.2 | 23.2 ± 0.2 | 23.0 ± 0.2 | 0.004 |
| Verbal memory | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Verbal fluency | 18.6 ± 0.2 | 17.9 ± 0.3 | 17.9 ± 0.2 | 18.7 ± 0.3 | 19.0 ± 0.3 | 19.1 ± 0.3 | 0.004 |
| Processing speed | 34.4 ± 0.3 | 36.9 ± 0.6 | 34.6 ± 0.5 | 33.8 ± 0.5 | 34.3 ± 0.6 | 33.5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Values are percentages (%) or means ± SEs. All reported results are weighted except number of observations which are unweighted. AHEI-2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; HCHS/SOL, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL); Q, quintile.
Q1: represents the unhealthiest diet quality. Q5: represents the healthiest diet quality. Values in parentheses indicate the range of the AHEI-2010 score for each quintile.
P-values refer to differences across quintiles and were calculated using chi-square tests for categorical variables and F-tests for continuous variables.
Depressive symptoms score was assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
Cognitive function was calculated by summing the z scores [i.e., (individual value − mean value)/SD] for performance across the 4 cognitive tests (i.e., verbal learning, verbal memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed).