TABLE 3.
Associations of quintiles of AHEI-2010 components with cognitive function: middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos, HCHS/SOL: 2008–2011 (n = 8461)1
| Cognitive function | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Components | n 3 | Global cognition2 β (95% CI) | Verbal learning B (95% CI) | Verbal memory B (95% CI) |
| Vegetables (without potatoes) | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–2.73)4 | 1461 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (2.74–3.49) | 1604 | −0.04 (−0.31, 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.46, 0.54) | 0.24 (−0.06, 0.54) |
| Q3 (3.50–4.18) | 1655 | 0.06 (−0.22, 0.35) | 0.19 (−0.35, 0.73) | 0.29 (−0.03, 0.56) |
| Q4 (4.19–5.01) | 1772 | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.45) | 0.30 (−0.33, 0.93) | 0.34 (−0.01, 0.66) |
| Q5 (5.02–10.00) | 1969 | 0.35 (0.03, 0.66) | 0.72 (0.10, 1.34) | 0.44 (0.11, 0.76) |
| P-trend5 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.011 | |
| Whole fruit (without fruit juice) | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–1.28) | 1084 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (1.29–1.97) | 1558 | 0.08 (−0.20, 0.36) | 0.04 (−0.52, 0.60) | 0.07 (−0.23, 0.37) |
| Q3 (1.98–2.89) | 1754 | 0.34 (−0.03, 0.70) | 0.39 (−0.26, 1.04) | 0.19 (−0.16, 0.55) |
| Q4 (2.90–4.16) | 1879 | 0.38 (0.10, 0.65) | 0.56 (−0.03, 1.15) | 0.31 (0.00, 0.61) |
| Q5 (4.17–10.00) | 2186 | 0.39 (0.10, 0.69) | 0.57 (−0.06, 1.20) | 0.20 (−0.11, 0.52) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | 0.019 | 0.064 | |
| Whole grains | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–0.77) | 1661 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (0.78–1.78) | 1634 | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) | 0.07 (−0.42, 0.55) | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.28) |
| Q3 (1.79–3.37) | 1716 | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.30) | 0.13 (−0.51, 0.72) | 0.20 (−0.05, 0.45) |
| Q4 (3.38–5.31) | 1784 | −0.03 (−0.37, 0.30) | −0.15 (−1.00, 0.57) | 0.13 (−0.23, 0.50) |
| Q5 (5.32–10.00) | 1666 | −0.46 (−0.91, −0.01) | −0.56 (−1.72, 0.36) | 0.09 (−0.37, 0.54) |
| P-trend | 1661 | 0.064 | 0.250 | 0.637 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage and fruit juice | ||||
| Q1 (0.00) | 5071 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (0.01–0.99) | 491 | 0.28 (−0.10, 0.66) | 0.44 (−0.28, 1.17) | 0.25 (−0.10, 0.60) |
| Q3 (1.00–3.00) | 891 | 0.09 (−0.16, 0.34) | 0.10 (−0.40, 0.60) | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.32) |
| Q4 (3.01–4.76) | 745 | 0.19 (−0.10, 0.48) | −0.05 (−0.82, 0.72) | 0.04 (−0.25, 0.33) |
| Q5 (4.77–10.00) | 1263 | 0.00 (−0.06, 0.51) | −0.02 (−0.51, 0.47) | 0.09 (−0.17, 0.35) |
| P-trend | 0.379 | 0.522 | 0.928 | |
| Nuts and legumes | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–3.74) | 1303 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (3.75–5.00) | 1682 | −0.31 (−0.61, −0.01) | −0.53 (−1.01, −0.04) | −0.02 (−0.28, 0.25) |
| Q3 (5.01–6.85) | 1715 | −0.12 (−0.40, 0.15) | 0.14 (−0.37, 0.64) | 0.19 (−0.08, 0.46) |
| Q4 (6.86–8.93) | 1847 | −0.20 (−0.48, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.55, 0.59) | 0.27 (−0.01, 0.55) |
| Q5 (8.94–10.00) | 1914 | −0.38 (−0.69, −0.08) | −0.09 (−0.76, 0.59) | 0.10 (−0.21, 0.42) |
| P-trend | 0.057 | 0.646 | 0.193 | |
| Red and processed meats | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–1.36) | 1193 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (1.37–3.27) | 1523 | −0.07 (−0.34, 0.20) | 0.01 (−0.61, 0.64) | −0.04 (−0.29, 0.22) |
| Q3 (3.28–4.60) | 1661 | −0.05 (−0.39, 0.29) | −0.06 (−0.84, 0.72) | −0.16 (−0.49, 0.18) |
| Q4 (4.61–5.83) | 1911 | −0.04 (−0.40, 0.33) | −0.13 (−0.97, 0.70) | −0.01 (−0.36, 0.35) |
| Q5 (5.84–10.00) | 2173 | 0.10 (−0.29, 0.50) | 0.25 (−0.63, 1.13) | 0.10 (−0.30, 0.50) |
| P-trend | 0.602 | 0.729 | 0.634 | |
| Trans fat | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–7.47) | 1212 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (7.48–7.92) | 1498 | −0.01 (−0.30, 0.27) | 0.24 (−0.41, 0.88) | 0.21 (−0.08, 0.51) |
| Q3 (7.93–8.28) | 1710 | −0.10 (−0.31, 0.22) | 0.24 (−0.47, 0.89) | 0.15 (−0.16, 0.47) |
| Q4 (8.29–8.66) | 1904 | −0.20 (−0.38, 0.12) | −0.06 (−0.75, 0.63) | 0.08 (−0.25, 0.47) |
| Q5 (8.67–10.00) | 2137 | −0.52 (−0.68, −0.18) | −0.46 (−1.18, 0.27) | −0.02 (−0.37, 0.33) |
| P-trend | 0.004 | 0.154 | 0.695 | |
| ω-3 fatty acids | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–2.28) | 1726 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (2.29–2.85) | 1729 | 0.08 (−0.18, 0.34) | 0.26 (−0.22, 0.4) | −0.05 (−0.29, 0.19) |
| Q3 (2.86–3.45) | 1658 | 0.09 (−0.14, 0.32) | −0.12 (−0.58, 0.34) | −0.14 (−0.38, 0.10) |
| Q4 (3.46–4.30) | 1643 | 0.07 (−0.22, 0.35) | −0.10 (−0.67, 0.48) | −0.17 (−0.45, 0.11) |
| Q5 (4.31–10.00) | 1705 | 0.14 (−0.21, 0.50) | 0.16 (−0.48, 0.80) | −0.23 (−0.51, 0.05) |
| P-trend | 0.498 | 0.962 | 0.090 | |
| PUFA | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–4.93) | 2174 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (4.94–5.44) | 1919 | 0.04 (−0.19, 0.28) | −0.02 (−0.49, 0.46) | −0.06 (−0.28, 0.16) |
| Q3 (5.45–5.92) | 1689 | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.28) | −0.12 (−0.56, 0.32) | −0.01 (−0.23, 0.21) |
| Q4 (5.93–6.52) | 1503 | 0.21 (−0.04, 0.47) | 0.16 (−0.33, 0.66) | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.29) |
| Q5 (6.53–10.00) | 1176 | −0.02 (−0.30, 0.26) | −0.19 (−0.73, 0.35) | −0.03 (−0.28, 0.22) |
| P-trend | 0.682 | 0.754 | 0.906 | |
| Sodium | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–3.99) | 1261 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (4.00–5.78) | 1541 | 0.19 (−0.05, 0.44) | 0.37 (−0.15, 0.90) | 0.12 (−0.09, 0.34) |
| Q3 (5.79–7.13) | 1667 | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.41) | 0.20 (−0.41, 0.80) | 0.13 (−0.14, 0.40) |
| Q4 (7.14–8.86) | 1858 | 0.12 (−0.19, 0.43) | 0.31 (−0.39, 1.01) | −0.09 (−0.41, 0.23) |
| Q5 (8.87–10.00) | 2134 | −0.03 (−0.41, 0.36) | 0.20 (−0.61, 1.01) | −0.06 (−0.42, 0.30) |
| P-trend | 0.782 | 0.739 | 0.461 | |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Q1 (0.00–3.26) | 1949 | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) | 0.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 (3.27–3.72) | 1849 | −0.19 (−0.43, 0.05) | −0.11 (−0.58, 0.35) | 0.16 (−0.09, 0.38) |
| Q3 (3.73–4.50) | 1535 | 0.35 (0.06, 0.63) | 0.68 (0.12, 1.24) | 0.29 (0.00, 0.57) |
| Q4 (4.51–6.41) | 1559 | 0.35 (0.05, 0.65) | 0.80 (0.14, 1.47) | 0.40 (0.00, 0.74) |
| Q5 (6.42–10.00) | 1569 | 0.52 (0.22, 0.83) | 1.13 (0.49, 1.76) | 0.53 (0.21, 0.85) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
All reported results are weighted except number of observations which are unweighted. Bs are unstandardized regression cofficients. Models adjusted for age, sex, education, log of daily energy intake, Hispanic/Latino background, annual household income, language preference, type 2 diabetes, current smoking, depressive symptoms, and other AHEI-2010 components. AHEI-2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; HCHS/SOL, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL); Q, quintile.
Global cognition score was calculated by summing the z scores [i.e., (individual value − mean value)/SD] for performance across the 4 cognitive tests (i.e., verbal learning, memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed).
Column indicates sample size of quintiles, which were created based on the distribution of each AHEI-2010 component.
Q1: represents the unhealthiest diet quality; Q5: represents the healthiest diet quality. Values in parentheses indicate the range of the AHEI-2010 component score for each quintile.
P-trend represents difference across the AHEI-2010 quintiles.