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. 2020 Feb 24;150(6):1478–1487. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa023

TABLE 3.

Associations of quintiles of AHEI-2010 components with cognitive function: middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos, HCHS/SOL: 2008–2011 (n = 8461)1

Cognitive function
Components n 3 Global cognition2 β (95% CI) Verbal learning B (95% CI) Verbal memory B (95% CI)
Vegetables (without potatoes)
 Q1 (0.00–2.73)4 1461 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (2.74–3.49) 1604 −0.04 (−0.31, 0.24) 0.04 (−0.46, 0.54) 0.24 (−0.06, 0.54)
 Q3 (3.50–4.18) 1655 0.06 (−0.22, 0.35) 0.19 (−0.35, 0.73) 0.29 (−0.03, 0.56)
 Q4 (4.19–5.01) 1772 0.13 (−0.18, 0.45) 0.30 (−0.33, 0.93) 0.34 (−0.01, 0.66)
 Q5 (5.02–10.00) 1969 0.35 (0.03, 0.66) 0.72 (0.10, 1.34) 0.44 (0.11, 0.76)
P-trend5 0.023 0.023 0.011
Whole fruit (without fruit juice)
 Q1 (0.00–1.28) 1084 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (1.29–1.97) 1558 0.08 (−0.20, 0.36) 0.04 (−0.52, 0.60) 0.07 (−0.23, 0.37)
 Q3 (1.98–2.89) 1754 0.34 (−0.03, 0.70) 0.39 (−0.26, 1.04) 0.19 (−0.16, 0.55)
 Q4 (2.90–4.16) 1879 0.38 (0.10, 0.65) 0.56 (−0.03, 1.15) 0.31 (0.00, 0.61)
 Q5 (4.17–10.00) 2186 0.39 (0.10, 0.69) 0.57 (−0.06, 1.20) 0.20 (−0.11, 0.52)
P-trend <0.001 0.019 0.064
Whole grains
 Q1 (0.00–0.77) 1661 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (0.78–1.78) 1634 0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) 0.07 (−0.42, 0.55) 0.04 (−0.21, 0.28)
 Q3 (1.79–3.37) 1716 0.04 (−0.21, 0.30) 0.13 (−0.51, 0.72) 0.20 (−0.05, 0.45)
 Q4 (3.38–5.31) 1784 −0.03 (−0.37, 0.30) −0.15 (−1.00, 0.57) 0.13 (−0.23, 0.50)
 Q5 (5.32–10.00) 1666 −0.46 (−0.91, −0.01) −0.56 (−1.72, 0.36) 0.09 (−0.37, 0.54)
P-trend 1661 0.064 0.250 0.637
Sugar-sweetened beverage and fruit juice
 Q1 (0.00) 5071 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (0.01–0.99) 491 0.28 (−0.10, 0.66) 0.44 (−0.28, 1.17) 0.25 (−0.10, 0.60)
 Q3 (1.00–3.00) 891 0.09 (−0.16, 0.34) 0.10 (−0.40, 0.60) 0.03 (−0.25, 0.32)
 Q4 (3.01–4.76) 745 0.19 (−0.10, 0.48) −0.05 (−0.82, 0.72) 0.04 (−0.25, 0.33)
 Q5 (4.77–10.00) 1263 0.00 (−0.06, 0.51) −0.02 (−0.51, 0.47) 0.09 (−0.17, 0.35)
P-trend 0.379 0.522 0.928
Nuts and legumes
 Q1 (0.00–3.74) 1303 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (3.75–5.00) 1682 −0.31 (−0.61, −0.01) −0.53 (−1.01, −0.04) −0.02 (−0.28, 0.25)
 Q3 (5.01–6.85) 1715 −0.12 (−0.40, 0.15) 0.14 (−0.37, 0.64) 0.19 (−0.08, 0.46)
 Q4 (6.86–8.93) 1847 −0.20 (−0.48, 0.08) 0.02 (−0.55, 0.59) 0.27 (−0.01, 0.55)
 Q5 (8.94–10.00) 1914 −0.38 (−0.69, −0.08) −0.09 (−0.76, 0.59) 0.10 (−0.21, 0.42)
P-trend 0.057 0.646 0.193
Red and processed meats
 Q1 (0.00–1.36) 1193 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (1.37–3.27) 1523 −0.07 (−0.34, 0.20) 0.01 (−0.61, 0.64) −0.04 (−0.29, 0.22)
 Q3 (3.28–4.60) 1661 −0.05 (−0.39, 0.29) −0.06 (−0.84, 0.72) −0.16 (−0.49, 0.18)
 Q4 (4.61–5.83) 1911 −0.04 (−0.40, 0.33) −0.13 (−0.97, 0.70) −0.01 (−0.36, 0.35)
 Q5 (5.84–10.00) 2173 0.10 (−0.29, 0.50) 0.25 (−0.63, 1.13) 0.10 (−0.30, 0.50)
P-trend 0.602 0.729 0.634
Trans fat
 Q1 (0.00–7.47) 1212 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (7.48–7.92) 1498 −0.01 (−0.30, 0.27) 0.24 (−0.41, 0.88) 0.21 (−0.08, 0.51)
 Q3 (7.93–8.28) 1710 −0.10 (−0.31, 0.22) 0.24 (−0.47, 0.89) 0.15 (−0.16, 0.47)
 Q4 (8.29–8.66) 1904 −0.20 (−0.38, 0.12) −0.06 (−0.75, 0.63) 0.08 (−0.25, 0.47)
 Q5 (8.67–10.00) 2137 −0.52 (−0.68, −0.18) −0.46 (−1.18, 0.27) −0.02 (−0.37, 0.33)
P-trend 0.004 0.154 0.695
ω-3 fatty acids
 Q1 (0.00–2.28) 1726 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (2.29–2.85) 1729 0.08 (−0.18, 0.34) 0.26 (−0.22, 0.4) −0.05 (−0.29, 0.19)
 Q3 (2.86–3.45) 1658 0.09 (−0.14, 0.32) −0.12 (−0.58, 0.34) −0.14 (−0.38, 0.10)
 Q4 (3.46–4.30) 1643 0.07 (−0.22, 0.35) −0.10 (−0.67, 0.48) −0.17 (−0.45, 0.11)
 Q5 (4.31–10.00) 1705 0.14 (−0.21, 0.50) 0.16 (−0.48, 0.80) −0.23 (−0.51, 0.05)
P-trend 0.498 0.962 0.090
PUFA
 Q1 (0.00–4.93) 2174 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (4.94–5.44) 1919 0.04 (−0.19, 0.28) −0.02 (−0.49, 0.46) −0.06 (−0.28, 0.16)
 Q3 (5.45–5.92) 1689 0.07 (−0.15, 0.28) −0.12 (−0.56, 0.32) −0.01 (−0.23, 0.21)
 Q4 (5.93–6.52) 1503 0.21 (−0.04, 0.47) 0.16 (−0.33, 0.66) 0.04 (−0.21, 0.29)
 Q5 (6.53–10.00) 1176 −0.02 (−0.30, 0.26) −0.19 (−0.73, 0.35) −0.03 (−0.28, 0.22)
P-trend 0.682 0.754 0.906
Sodium
 Q1 (0.00–3.99) 1261 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (4.00–5.78) 1541 0.19 (−0.05, 0.44) 0.37 (−0.15, 0.90) 0.12 (−0.09, 0.34)
 Q3 (5.79–7.13) 1667 0.13 (−0.16, 0.41) 0.20 (−0.41, 0.80) 0.13 (−0.14, 0.40)
 Q4 (7.14–8.86) 1858 0.12 (−0.19, 0.43) 0.31 (−0.39, 1.01) −0.09 (−0.41, 0.23)
 Q5 (8.87–10.00) 2134 −0.03 (−0.41, 0.36) 0.20 (−0.61, 1.01) −0.06 (−0.42, 0.30)
P-trend 0.782 0.739 0.461
Alcohol
 Q1 (0.00–3.26) 1949 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref) 0.00 (Ref)
 Q2 (3.27–3.72) 1849 −0.19 (−0.43, 0.05) −0.11 (−0.58, 0.35) 0.16 (−0.09, 0.38)
 Q3 (3.73–4.50) 1535 0.35 (0.06, 0.63) 0.68 (0.12, 1.24) 0.29 (0.00, 0.57)
 Q4 (4.51–6.41) 1559 0.35 (0.05, 0.65) 0.80 (0.14, 1.47) 0.40 (0.00, 0.74)
 Q5 (6.42–10.00) 1569 0.52 (0.22, 0.83) 1.13 (0.49, 1.76) 0.53 (0.21, 0.85)
P-trend <0.001 <0.001 0.002
1

All reported results are weighted except number of observations which are unweighted. Bs are unstandardized regression cofficients. Models adjusted for age, sex, education, log of daily energy intake, Hispanic/Latino background, annual household income, language preference, type 2 diabetes, current smoking, depressive symptoms, and other AHEI-2010 components. AHEI-2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; HCHS/SOL, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL); Q, quintile.

2

Global cognition score was calculated by summing the z scores [i.e., (individual value − mean value)/SD] for performance across the 4 cognitive tests (i.e., verbal learning, memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed).

3

Column indicates sample size of quintiles, which were created based on the distribution of each AHEI-2010 component.

4

Q1: represents the unhealthiest diet quality; Q5: represents the healthiest diet quality. Values in parentheses indicate the range of the AHEI-2010 component score for each quintile.

5

P-trend represents difference across the AHEI-2010 quintiles.