TABLE 1.
Summary of Mn dosing and neurobehavioral outcomes in rodent, nematode, and zebrafish models
| Species | Mn dose | Behavioral test | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | 25 or 50 mg Mn · kg–1 · d–1 in preweaning period or lifelong with testing in early life or adulthood | Open field8-arm radial mazeMontoya staircase testFive-choice serial reaction time task | Increased behavioral reactivity (hyperactivity)Spatial learning and memory deficitsDecreased forelimb reaching/grasping skillImpaired focused and selective attention | (41, 42, 46)(42)(43, 44)(45, 49) |
| Mouse | 100 mg Mn · kg–1 · d–1 by gastric gavage in adults | Open field | Hypoactivity | (47) |
| 10 or 30 mg Mn · kg–1 · d–1 by gastric gavage in juveniles | Open field | Increased behavioral reactivity (decreased time spent in margins) | (48) | |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | 10–25 mM Mn for 1 h at L1 | Basal slowing response | Reduction in response | (35) |
| Zebrafish | 25 or 50 μM Mn from 0 to 5 dpf | Spontaneous movement observation | Hypoactivity | (55) |
| 0.5 mM Mn from 0 to 5 dpf | Exploratory behavior | Decreased swimming distance and absolute turn angle | (56) |