TABLE 1.
Age- and sex-adjusted characteristics of participants based on total sample and extreme quartiles of total flavonoid intakes1
| Total flavonoid intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total sample (n = 2086) | Quartile 1 (n = 521) | Quartile 4 (n = 521) | P-trend2 |
| Total flavonoid intake, mg/d | 238 (19.4–2323) | 109 (19.4–150) | 525 (388–2323) | |
| Total brain tissue volume,3 cm3 | 1087 (1083, 1091) | 1081 (1073, 1088) | 1089 (1081, 1096) | 0.42 |
| WMHV,3 cm3 | 0.62 (0.59, 0.64) | 0.66 (0.61, 0.72) | 0.57 (0.53, 0.62) | 0.007 |
| Hippocampal volume, cm3 | 6.65 (6.62, 6.67) | 6.62 (6.56, 6.67) | 6.66 (6.61, 6.72) | 0.42 |
| Age, y | 60.6 (60.2, 61.1) | 59.7 (58.9, 60.5) | 61.1 (60.3, 61.9) | 0.01 |
| Female, % | 53.7 (51.5, 55.8) | 48.4 (44.2, 52.7) | 66.7 (62.4, 70.9) | <0.001 |
| Education ≥ college degree,3 % | 69.9 (68.0, 71.9) | 62.3 (58.4, 66.1) | 74.8 (70.9, 78.7) | <0.001 |
| apoE ε4 allele,3 % | 22.9 (21.1, 24.7) | 21.5 (17.9, 25.2) | 27.0 (23.3, 30.7) | 0.01 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1893 (1870, 1916) | 1607 (1564, 1650) | 2073 (2029, 2116) | <0.001 |
| PAI,3 MET | 36.1 (35.9, 36.3) | 35.8 (35.4, 36.2) | 36.3 (35.9, 36.7) | 0.09 |
| Former/current smoker,3 % | 64.0 (62.0, 66.1) | 71.5 (67.4, 75.6) | 59.2 (55.1, 63.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.7 (27.5, 27.9) | 28.3 (27.9, 28.7) | 26.8 (26.4, 27.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes,3 % | 10.4 (9.1, 11.7) | 10.9 (8.4, 13.5) | 6.8 (4.2, 9.5) | 0.06 |
| Hypertension,3 % | 58.1 (56.0, 60.1) | 58.7 (54.6, 62.8) | 55.4 (51.3, 59.6) | 0.29 |
| Hypercholesterolemia,3 % | 62.5 (60.5, 64.6) | 63.5 (59.3, 67.6) | 61.1 (56.9, 65.3) | 0.33 |
| DGAI3 | 60.0 (59.6, 60.5) | 54.2 (53.3, 55.0) | 62.9 (62.1, 63.8) | <0.001 |
| ω-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) intake, g/d | 0.27 (0.26, 0.28) | 0.21 (0.19, 0.23) | 0.31 (0.29, 0.32) | <0.001 |
| Lutein and zeaxanthin intake, mg/d | 3.3 (3.2, 3.4) | 2.3 (2.1, 2.5) | 3.9 (3.7, 4.1) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 10.7 (10.1, 11.3) | 10.1 (8.9, 11.3) | 10.6 (9.4, 11.8) | 1.00 |
| Multivitamin and mineral supplement use, % | 47.1 (45.0, 49.3) | 40.2 (36.0,44.5) | 55.8 (51.5, 60.1) | <0.001 |
Unless otherwise indicated, values represent cumulative means (95% CIs) from up to 3 exams (exams 5 through 7) for continuous variables or exam 7 values for categorical variables and are age- and sex-adjusted least-squares arithmetic means or least-squares percentages, with the exceptions of WMHVs, which are age- and sex-adjusted geometric means (95% CIs), and total flavonoid intake data, which are medians (ranges). apoE ε4, apolipoprotein E ε4; BMI, body mass index; DGAI, dietary guidelines adherence index; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; MET, metabolic equivalents; PAI, physical activity index; WMHV, white matter hyperintensities volume.
P values for the test of linear trend across extreme quartile categories of total flavonoid intake were based on linear regression models, with the median intake of each extreme quartile category assigned to individuals with intake in that category, and this quartile median variable was used as a continuous measure in regression models.
Missing from total: total brain tissue volume, n = 26; WMHV, n = 26; education, n = 41; apoE ε4, n = 49; PAI, n = 46; former/current smoking, n = 3; diabetes, n = 34; hypertension, n = 3; hypercholesterolemia, n = 27; DGAI, n = 86.