Figure 1. Strategies to overcome physical barriers in solid tumors.
Local T cell delivery can maximize the accumulation of CAR T cells at the tumor site and may also improve the safety profile (panel A). Biomaterials can be used to enhance the persistence and functionality of locally delivered CAR T cells (panel B). CAR T cells can be combined with antiangiogenic drugs in the effort of normalizing the intratumoral blood flow or with immunomodulating agents or engineered with cytokine receptors to enhance the trafficking (panel C).