Table 1.
Multilevel Models with Parasympathetic Flexibility (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Decreases in Response to Sad Film Relative to Neutral Film) and Person-Centered Stressful Life Event Exposure at Each Wave Predicting Real-World Rumination
| Model (Predictor) | B/γ | SE | p | ΔR2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predicting Real-World Brooding | .75 | |||
| Within-Subject Level (Level 1) | ||||
| RRS Brooding (t-1) | 0.18 | 0.07 | <.01 | .05 |
| BDI (t) | 0.18 | 0.04 | <.001 | .13 |
| Life Events Scale (LES) Slope | 0.05 | 0.04 | .24 | .01 |
| Associations with Levels of Brooding 1 (Level 2) | ||||
| RSA (Sad Film) | 0.65 | 0.32 | .04 | .03 |
| RSA (Neutral Film) | −0.27 | 0.31 | .39 | .01 |
| RRS Brooding | 2.02 | 0.17 | <.001 | .52 |
| T1 BDI | 0.06 | 0.02 | .02 | .06 |
| LES Mean | 0.05 | 0.02 | .04 | .05 |
| ΔNA | 0.18 | 0.20 | .35 | .01 |
| Associations between RSA and Brooding Responses to Stress (Level 2) | ||||
| RSA (Sad Film) × LES | −0.17 | 0.08 | .04 | .03 |
| RSA (Neutral Film) × LES | 0.18 | 0.08 | .03 | .04 |
| ΔNA × LES | −0.06 | 0.03 | .11 | .03 |
| Random Effects (Level 2) | ||||
| RRS Brooding (Random Intercept) | 6.49 | 0.74 | <.001 | .37 |
| LES (Random Slope) | <0.01 | 0.01 | .25 | <.01 |
| Predicting Real-World Pondering | .51 | |||
| Within-Subject Level (Level 1) | ||||
| RRS Pondering (t-1) | 0.09 | 0.06 | .13 | .02 |
| BDI (t) | 0.13 | 0.04 | <.001 | .07 |
| Life Events Scale (LES) Slope | 0.16 | 0.05 | <.01 | .07 |
| Associations with Levels of Pondering (Level 2) | ||||
| RSA (Sad Film) | −0.34 | 0.40 | .40 | .01 |
| RSA (Neutral Film) | 0.43 | 0.41 | .29 | .01 |
| RRS Pondering | 2.31 | 0.20 | <.001 | .50 |
| T1 BDI | 0.03 | 0.03 | .36 | .01 |
| LES Mean | 0.09 | 0.04 | .02 | .04 |
| ΔNA | 0.19 | 0.19 | .31 | .01 |
| Associations between RSA and Pondering Responses to Stress (Level 2) | ||||
| RSA (Sad Film) × LES | −0.07 | 0.07 | .36 | .01 |
| RSA (Neutral Film) × LES | 0.01 | 0.07 | .87 | <.01 |
| ΔNA × LES | −0.14 | 0.05 | <.01 | .06 |
| Random Effects (Level 2) | ||||
| RRS Pondering (Random Intercept) | 7.68 | 0.74 | <.001 | .45 |
| LES (Random Slope) | <0.01 | 0.01 | .19 | <.01 |
Note. RSA = Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia; R2 for full model represents pseudo R2, the proportion of variance explained by the model relative to an unrestricted (intercept-only) model containing no predictors (Kreft & Leeuw, 1998; Singer, 1998). ΔR2 = partial R2 of given predictor (proportion of variance in rumination predicted) after accounting for covariates. Significant hypothesized predictors of interest are bolded.