Table 2.
Representative autoantibodies associated with NPSLE
| Target of autoantibodies
(autoantibodies) |
Serum/CSF | Prevalence in
SLE patients |
Associated NPSLE symptoms |
| Phospholipid:
β2-glycoprotein 1 and cardiolipin (aCL-Ab) |
Serum, CSF | Up to 45% | Focal NPSLE (CVD, seizures, chorea)
Diffuse NPSLE (cognitive dysfunction, psychosis, depression, headache) |
| Ribosomal P protein (anti-ribosmal P Ab) | Serum, CSF | 6%-46% | Elevated titers in active SLE
Diffuse NPSLE (psychosis, depression) |
| NMDA receptor subtype 2 (anti-NMDA/NR2 Ab) | Serum, CSF | 30%-40% | Diffuse NPSLE (depression cognitive dysfunction) |
| MAP-2 (anti-MAP-2 Ab) | Serum, CSF | 17%, 33.3% (CSF) | Focal NPSLE (seizures, chorea, sensory neuropathy)
Diffuse NPSLE (psychosis, headache) |
| U1 ribonucleoprotein (Anti-U1RNP Ab) | Serum, CSF | 18% (CSF) | NPSLE in general |
| Structural endothelial proteins (AECA) | Serum | 17-75% | Psychosis, depression |
| TPI (anti-TPI Ab) | Serum, CSF | 30%-40% | Focal NPSLE (aseptic meningitis)
Less frequent in acute confusional state |
| GAPDH (anti-GAPDH Ab) | Serum | 47% | Increased intracranial pressure, cognitive dysfunction |
AECA : anti-endothelial cell antibody ; aCL : anti-cardiolipin ; CVD : cerebrovascular disease ; CSF : cerebrospinal fluid ; GAPDH : glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; MAP-2 : microtubule-associated protein 2 ; NMDA/ NR2 : N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2 ; NPSLE : neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus ; U1-RNP : U1 ri bonucleoprotein ; TPI : triosephosphate isomerase