Table 2.
Summary of TSPO, MR, MMP, MPO targeted or nanoparticle-based probes illustrated in the present review
| Target | Disease | Preclinical/clinical | Radiotracer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Translocator protein (TSPO) | Atherosclerosis/vascular injury | Preclinical | 11C-PK11195 [94]; 18F-FEDAA1106 [97]; 18F-PBR06 [98] |
| 18F-FEMPA [99]; 18F-GE-180 [100] | |||
| Clinical | 11C-PK11195 [96] | ||
| Abdominal aortic aneurysms | Clinical | 11C-PK11195 [95] | |
| Myocardial infarction | Preclinical/clinical | 18F-GE-180 [101] | |
| Myocarditis | Preclinical | 18F-PBR28 [102]; 18F-CB251 [102] | |
| Mannose receptor (MR) | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 18F-FDM [104]; 68Ga-NOTA-MSA [105]; 68Ga-MMR [106] |
| 68Ga-anti-MMR Nb [107] | |||
| Myocarditis | Preclinical | 68Ga-NOTA-MSA [108] | |
| Secreted enzymes | |||
| MMPs | Myocardial infarction | Preclinical | 68Ga-DOTA-MMP-2/9 targeted peptide [114] |
| Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 68Ga-DOTA-TCTP-1 [116] | |
| MPO | Myocardial infarction | Preclinical | 18F-MAPP [117]; 11C-AZD3241 [124] |
| Nanoparticles (NPs) | |||
| Modified dextran | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 64Cu-TNP [132]; 89Zr-DNP [133] |
| High density lipoprotein | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 89Zr-AI-HDL and 89Zr-PL-HDL [134] |
| Hyaluronan | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 89Zr-HA-NP [135] |
| Dendrimers | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 64Cu-(LyP-1)4-dendrimer [136] |
| Porphysome | Myocardial infarction | Preclinical | 64Cu-folate-porphysome [137] |
| Mesoporous silica | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | 18F-DBCO-MSNs [138] |
| Polyglucose | Atherosclerosis/MI | Preclinical | 18F-Macroflor [139] |