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. 2019 Dec 13;19(1):565–573. doi: 10.1007/s40200-019-00443-w

Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies; study design, population, intervention and comparison descriptions; outcome measures and JADAD score

Author Country Study design Subjects Age of participants Intervention(control) Sex Sample Dose Duration Main results Score
Stenblom et al., 2016 [23] Sweden RCT Overweight women 50.7(54.6) F 34 Thylakoids 12 weeks ↔faecal fat 5
(Appethyl) ↑ Total faecal bacteria
(5 g/day) Bacteroides fragilis group
Kohnke et al., 2009 [21] Sweden RCT Individuals with normal weight NR M/F 11 Thylakoid powder in 2 doses: In one meal ↔ glucosea 3
25 g/50 g ↓ FFAsb
Thylakoid delipidated: ↑ Leptinc
25 g ↓ Ghrelind
↓ Insulina
↑ CCKa
Maruyama, et al., 2013 [22] Japan RCT Men with normal weight 25.6 M 14 75 g of boiled spinach In one meal ↔ glucose 2
↔ insulin
↔TC
↔LDL-C
↔HDL-C
↔TG
Maruyama, et al., 2013 [22] Japan RCT Obese men 31.2 M 10 75 g of boiled spinach In one meal ↔ glucose 2
↔ insulin
↔TC
↔LDL-C
↔HDL-C
↔TG
Montelius et al., 2014 [11] Sweden RCT Women with BMI 25–33 50.7(54.6) F 38 Thylakoid 12 weeks ↓weight 5
5 g/day ↔BMI
↔waist circumference
↔ FFM
↔body fat
↔ leptin
↔ glucose
↔ insulin
↓TC
↓LDL-C
↔HDL-C
↔TG
↔ Postprandial ghrelin
↑ GLP1
↓urge for sweets and chocolate
Rebello et al., 2015 [14] USA Cross-over RCT overweight or obese males and females 35.3 M/F 60 Thylakoids In one meal ↑ Fullness 4
5 g/day ↓Hunger
↔satisfaction
↓ Desire for salty, savory and thirst
↔ Desire for sweets
↔TG
↔TC
↔LDL-C
↔HDL-C
↔FFA
↑ glucose
Stenblom et al., 2013 [20] Sweden RCT Healthy women 53.3 F 20 Thylakoids in twe doses: In one meal ↓hunger 4
3.7 g/day ↑CCK
7.4 g/day ↔ TNF-a
↔ glucose
↑ Insulin
Stenblom et al., 2014 [19] Sweden RCT Overweight women 51.6(53) F 26 Thylakoids 8 weeks ↔weight 4
5.6 g/day ↔Body fat
↔Trunk fat
↓hunger
↔ Waist circumference
↓Hip circumference
↓ leptin
↓ LDL-c
↔ TC
↓ apo B1
↔ TG
↓ glucose
↔ Hemoglobin A1c
↔ insulin
Stenblom et al., 2015 [13] Sweden Cross-over RCT Normal or overweight women 54.5e F 22 Thylakoids In one meal ↓Hunger 4
5 g/day
↑Fullness
↓Salty snacks desire
↓Sweet snacks desire
↓Sweet and fat desire
↓All snacks desire
↓Food intake

Abbreviations:RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, FFA Free Fatty Acids, CCK Cholecystokinin, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, BMI Body Mass Index, FFM Fat Free Mass

↔ = No significant difference compared to control

↓ = significantly decreased compared to control

↑ = significantly increased compared to control

aIn all groups

bIn 50 g thylakoids group

cIn 25 g and 50 g thylakoids group

d In 25 g thylakoid powder and 25 g thylakoid delipidated

emedian