Table 2.
Author | Country | Study design | Subjects | Age of participants Intervention(control) | Sex | Sample | Dose | Duration | Main results | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stenblom et al., 2016 [23] | Sweden | RCT | Overweight women | 50.7(54.6) | F | 34 | Thylakoids | 12 weeks | ↔faecal fat | 5 |
(Appethyl) | ↑ Total faecal bacteria | |||||||||
(5 g/day) | ↑ Bacteroides fragilis group | |||||||||
Kohnke et al., 2009 [21] | Sweden | RCT | Individuals with normal weight | NR | M/F | 11 | Thylakoid powder in 2 doses: | In one meal | ↔ glucosea | 3 |
25 g/50 g | ↓ FFAsb | |||||||||
Thylakoid delipidated: | ↑ Leptinc | |||||||||
25 g | ↓ Ghrelind | |||||||||
↓ Insulina | ||||||||||
↑ CCKa | ||||||||||
Maruyama, et al., 2013 [22] | Japan | RCT | Men with normal weight | 25.6 | M | 14 | 75 g of boiled spinach | In one meal | ↔ glucose | 2 |
↔ insulin | ||||||||||
↔TC | ||||||||||
↔LDL-C | ||||||||||
↔HDL-C | ||||||||||
↔TG | ||||||||||
Maruyama, et al., 2013 [22] | Japan | RCT | Obese men | 31.2 | M | 10 | 75 g of boiled spinach | In one meal | ↔ glucose | 2 |
↔ insulin | ||||||||||
↔TC | ||||||||||
↔LDL-C | ||||||||||
↔HDL-C | ||||||||||
↔TG | ||||||||||
Montelius et al., 2014 [11] | Sweden | RCT | Women with BMI 25–33 | 50.7(54.6) | F | 38 | Thylakoid | 12 weeks | ↓weight | 5 |
5 g/day | ↔BMI | |||||||||
↔waist circumference | ||||||||||
↔ FFM | ||||||||||
↔body fat | ||||||||||
↔ leptin | ||||||||||
↔ glucose | ||||||||||
↔ insulin | ||||||||||
↓TC | ||||||||||
↓LDL-C | ||||||||||
↔HDL-C | ||||||||||
↔TG | ||||||||||
↔ Postprandial ghrelin | ||||||||||
↑ GLP1 | ||||||||||
↓urge for sweets and chocolate | ||||||||||
Rebello et al., 2015 [14] | USA | Cross-over RCT | overweight or obese males and females | 35.3 | M/F | 60 | Thylakoids | In one meal | ↑ Fullness | 4 |
5 g/day | ↓Hunger | |||||||||
↔satisfaction | ||||||||||
↓ Desire for salty, savory and thirst | ||||||||||
↔ Desire for sweets | ||||||||||
↔TG | ||||||||||
↔TC | ||||||||||
↔LDL-C | ||||||||||
↔HDL-C | ||||||||||
↔FFA | ||||||||||
↑ glucose | ||||||||||
Stenblom et al., 2013 [20] | Sweden | RCT | Healthy women | 53.3 | F | 20 | Thylakoids in twe doses: | In one meal | ↓hunger | 4 |
3.7 g/day | ↑CCK | |||||||||
7.4 g/day | ↔ TNF-a | |||||||||
↔ glucose | ||||||||||
↑ Insulin | ||||||||||
Stenblom et al., 2014 [19] | Sweden | RCT | Overweight women | 51.6(53) | F | 26 | Thylakoids | 8 weeks | ↔weight | 4 |
5.6 g/day | ↔Body fat | |||||||||
↔Trunk fat | ||||||||||
↓hunger | ||||||||||
↔ Waist circumference | ||||||||||
↓Hip circumference | ||||||||||
↓ leptin | ||||||||||
↓ LDL-c | ||||||||||
↔ TC | ||||||||||
↓ apo B1 | ||||||||||
↔ TG | ||||||||||
↓ glucose | ||||||||||
↔ Hemoglobin A1c | ||||||||||
↔ insulin | ||||||||||
Stenblom et al., 2015 [13] | Sweden | Cross-over RCT | Normal or overweight women | 54.5e | F | 22 | Thylakoids | In one meal | ↓Hunger | 4 |
5 g/day | ||||||||||
↑Fullness | ||||||||||
↓Salty snacks desire | ||||||||||
↓Sweet snacks desire | ||||||||||
↓Sweet and fat desire | ||||||||||
↓All snacks desire | ||||||||||
↓Food intake |
Abbreviations:RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, FFA Free Fatty Acids, CCK Cholecystokinin, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, BMI Body Mass Index, FFM Fat Free Mass
↔ = No significant difference compared to control
↓ = significantly decreased compared to control
↑ = significantly increased compared to control
aIn all groups
bIn 50 g thylakoids group
cIn 25 g and 50 g thylakoids group
d In 25 g thylakoid powder and 25 g thylakoid delipidated
emedian