Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings of patients on admission
| Total (n=191) | Non-survivor (n=54) | Survivor (n=137) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age, years | 56·0 (46·0–67·0) | 69·0 (63·0–76·0) | 52·0 (45·0–58·0) | <0·0001 | |
| Sex | .. | .. | .. | 0·15 | |
| Female | 72 (38%) | 16 (30%) | 56 (41%) | .. | |
| Male | 119 (62%) | 38 (70%) | 81 (59%) | .. | |
| Exposure history | 73 (38%) | 14 (26%) | 59 (43%) | 0·028 | |
| Current smoker | 11 (6%) | 5 (9%) | 6 (4%) | 0·21 | |
| Comorbidity | 91 (48%) | 36 (67%) | 55 (40%) | 0·0010 | |
| Hypertension | 58 (30%) | 26 (48%) | 32 (23%) | 0·0008 | |
| Diabetes | 36 (19%) | 17 (31%) | 19 (14%) | 0·0051 | |
| Coronary heart disease | 15 (8%) | 13 (24%) | 2 (1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 6 (3%) | 4 (7%) | 2 (1%) | 0·047 | |
| Carcinoma | 2 (1%) | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0·37 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2 (1%) | 2 (4%) | 0 | 0·024 | |
| Other | 22 (12%) | 11 (20%) | 11 (8%) | 0·016 | |
| Respiratory rate >24 breaths per min | 56 (29%) | 34 (63%) | 22 (16%) | <0·0001 | |
| Pulse ≥125 beats per min | 2 (1%) | 2 (4%) | 0 | 0·024 | |
| Systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0·53 | |
| Fever (temperature ≥37·3°C) | 180 (94%) | 51 (94%) | 129 (94%) | 0·94 | |
| Cough | 151 (79%) | 39 (72%) | 112 (82%) | 0·15 | |
| Sputum | 44 (23%) | 14 (26%) | 30 (22%) | 0·55 | |
| Myalgia | 29 (15%) | 8 (15%) | 21 (15%) | 0·93 | |
| Fatigue | 44 (23%) | 15 (28%) | 29 (21%) | 0·33 | |
| Diarrhoea | 9 (5%) | 2 (4%) | 7 (5%) | 0·67 | |
| Nausea or vomiting | 7 (4%) | 3 (6%) | 4 (3%) | 0·40 | |
| SOFA score | 2·0 (1·0–4·0) | 4·5 (4·0–6·0) | 1·0 (1·0–2·0) | <0·0001 | |
| qSOFA score | 1·0 (0·0–1·0) | 1·0 (1·0–1·0) | 0·0 (0·0–1·0) | <0·0001 | |
| CURB-65 score | 0·0 (0·0–2·0) | 2·0 (1·0–3·0) | 0·0 (0·0–1·0) | <0·0001 | |
| 0–1 | 141/188 (75%) | 16 (30%) | 125/134 (93%) | <0·0001* | |
| 2 | 32/188 (17%) | 23 (43%) | 9/134 (7%) | .. | |
| 3–5 | 15/188 (8%) | 15 (28%) | 0/134 | .. | |
| Disease severity status | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001 | |
| General | 72 (38%) | 0 | 72 (53%) | .. | |
| Severe | 66 (35%) | 12 (22%) | 54 (39%) | .. | |
| Critical | 53 (28%) | 42 (78%) | 11 (8%) | .. | |
| Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days | 11·0 (8·0–14·0) | 11·0 (8·0–15·0) | 11·0 (8·0–13·0) | 0·53 | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| White blood cell count, × 109 per L | 6·2 (4·5–9·5) | 9·8 (6·9–13·9) | 5·2 (4·3–7·7) | <0·0001 | |
| <4 | 32 (17%) | 5 (9%) | 27 (20%) | <0·0001* | |
| 4–10 | 119 (62%) | 24 (44%) | 95 (69%) | .. | |
| >10 | 40 (21%) | 25 (46%) | 15 (11%) | .. | |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109 per L | 1·0 (0·6–1·3) | 0·6 (0·5–0·8) | 1·1 (0·8–1·5) | <0·0001 | |
| <0·8 | 77 (40%) | 41 (76%) | 36 (26%) | <0·0001 | |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 128·0 (119·0–140·0) | 126·0 (115·0–138·0) | 128·0 (120·0–140·0) | 0·30 | |
| Anaemia | 29 (15%) | 14 (26%) | 15 (11%) | 0·0094 | |
| Platelet count, × 109 per L | 206·0 (155·0–262·0) | 165·5 (107·0–229·0) | 220·0 (168·0–271·0) | <0·0001 | |
| <100 | 13 (7%) | 11 (20%) | 2 (1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Albumin, g/L | 32·3 (29·1–35·8) | 29·1 (26·5–31·3) | 33·6 (30·6–36·4) | <0·0001 | |
| ALT, U/L | 30·0 (17·0–46·0) | 40·0 (24·0–51·0) | 27·0 (15·0–40·0) | 0·0050 | |
| >40 | 59/189 (31%) | 26 (48%) | 33/135 (24%) | 0·0015 | |
| Creatinine >133 μmol/L | 8/186 (4%) | 5 (9%) | 3/132 (2%) | 0·045 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 300·0 (234·0–407·0) | 521·0 (363·0–669·0) | 253·5 (219·0–318·0) | <0·0001 | |
| >245 | 123/184 (67%) | 53 (98%) | 70/130 (54%) | <0·0001 | |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 21·5 (13·0–72·4) | 39·0 (19·5–151·0) | 18·0 (12·5–52·1) | 0·0010 | |
| >185 | 22/168 (13%) | 11/52 (21%) | 11/116 (9%) | 0·038 | |
| High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, pg/mL | 4·1 (2·0–14·1) | 22·2 (5·6–83·1) | 3·0 (1·1–5·5) | <0·0001 | |
| >28 | 24/145 (17%) | 23/50 (46%) | 1/95 (1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Prothrombin time, s | 11·6 (10·6–13·0) | 12·1 (11·2–13·7) | 11·4 (10·4–12·6) | 0·0004 | |
| <16 | 171/182 (94%) | 47 (87%) | 124/128 (97%) | 0·016* | |
| ≥16 | 11/182 (6%) | 7 (13%) | 4/128 (3%) | .. | |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0·8 (0·4–3·2) | 5·2 (1·5–21·1) | 0·6 (0·3–1·0) | <0·0001 | |
| ≤0·5 | 55/172 (32%) | 4 (7%) | 51/118 (43%) | <0·0001* | |
| >0·5 to ≤1 | 45/172 (26%) | 6 (11%) | 39/118 (33%) | .. | |
| >1 | 72/172 (42%) | 44 (81%) | 28/118 (24%) | .. | |
| Serum ferritin, μg/L | 722·0 (377·2–1435·3) | 1435·3 (728·9–2000·0) | 503·2 (264·0–921·5) | <0·0001 | |
| >300 | 102/128 (80%) | 44/46 (96%) | 58/82 (71%) | 0·0008 | |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 7·4 (5·3–10·8) | 11·0 (7·5–14·4) | 6·3 (5·0–7·9) | <0·0001 | |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0·1 (0·1–0·1) | 0·1 (0·1–0·5) | 0·1 (0·1–0·1) | <0·0001 | |
| <0·1 | 114/164 (70%) | 19/51 (37%) | 95/113 (84%) | <0·0001* | |
| ≥0·1 to <0·25 | 30/164 (18%) | 16/51 (31%) | 14/113 (12%) | .. | |
| ≥0·25 to <0·5 | 6/164 (4%) | 3/51 (6%) | 3/113 (3%) | .. | |
| ≥0·5 | 14/164 (9%) | 13/51 (25%) | 1/113 (1%) | .. | |
| Imaging features | |||||
| Consolidation | 112 (59%) | 40 (74%) | 72 (53%) | 0·0065 | |
| Ground-glass opacity | 136 (71%) | 44 (81%) | 92 (67%) | 0·049 | |
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltration | 143 (75%) | 45 (83%) | 98 (72%) | 0·090 | |
Data are median (IQR), n (%), or n/N (%). p values were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. qSOFA=Quick SOFA. ALT=alanine aminotransferase. IL-6=interleukin-6.
*
χ2 test comparing all subcategories.