Table 2.
Treatments and outcomes
| Total (n=191) | Non-survivor (n=54) | Survivor (n=137) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments* | ||||
| Antibiotics | 181 (95%) | 53 (98%) | 128 (93%) | 0·15 |
| Antiviral treatment | 41 (21%) | 12 (22%) | 29 (21%) | 0·87 |
| Corticosteroids | 57 (30%) | 26 (48%) | 31 (23%) | 0·0005 |
| Intravenous immunoglobin | 46 (24%) | 36 (67%) | 10 (7%) | <0·0001 |
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy | 41 (21%) | 33 (61%) | 8 (6%) | <0·0001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 26 (14%) | 24 (44%) | 2 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 32 (17%) | 31 (57%) | 1 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| ECMO | 3 (2%) | 3 (6%) | 0 | 0·0054 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 10 (5%) | 10 (19%) | 0 | <0·0001 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Sepsis | 112 (59%) | 54 (100%) | 58 (42%) | <0·0001 |
| Respiratory failure | 103 (54%) | 53 (98%) | 50 (36%) | <0·0001 |
| ARDS | 59 (31%) | 50 (93%) | 9 (7%) | <0·0001 |
| Heart failure | 44 (23%) | 28 (52%) | 16 (12%) | <0·0001 |
| Septic shock | 38 (20%) | 38 (70%) | 0 | <0·0001 |
| Coagulopathy | 37 (19%) | 27 (50%) | 10 (7%) | <0·0001 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 33 (17%) | 32 (59%) | 1 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 28 (15%) | 27 (50%) | 1 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| Secondary infection | 28 (15%) | 27 (50%) | 1 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| Hypoproteinaemia | 22 (12%) | 20 (37%) | 2 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| Acidosis | 17 (9%) | 16 (30%) | 1 (1%) | <0·0001 |
| ICU admission | 50 (26%) | 39 (72%) | 11 (8%) | <0·0001 |
| ICU length of stay, days | 8·0 (4·0–12·0) | 8·0 (4·0–12·0) | 7·0 (2·0–9·0) | 0·41 |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 11·0 (7·0–14·0) | 7·5 (5·0–11·0) | 12·0 (9·0–15·0) | <0·0001 |
| Time from illness onset to fever, days | 1·0 (1·0–1·0) | 1·0 (1·0–1·0) | 1·0 (1·0–1·0) | 0·16 |
| Time from illness onset to cough, days | 1·0 (1·0–3·0) | 1·0 (1·0–1·0) | 1·0 (1·0–4·0) | 0·30 |
| Time from illness onset to dyspnoea, days | 7·0 (4·0–9·0) | 7·0 (4·0–10·0) | 7·0 (4·0–9·0) | 0·51 |
| Time from illness onset to sepsis, days | 9·0 (7·0–13·0) | 10·0 (7·0–14·0) | 9·0 (7·0–12·0) | 0·22 |
| Time from illness onset to ARDS, days | 12·0 (8·0–15·0) | 12·0 (8·0–15·0) | 10·0 (8·0–13·0) | 0·65 |
| Time from illness onset to ICU admission, days | 12·0 (8·0–15·0) | 12·0 (8·0–15·0) | 11·5 (8·0–14·0) | 0·88 |
| Time from illness onset to corticosteroids treatment, days | 12·0 (10·0–16·0) | 13·0 (10·0–17·0) | 12·0 (10·0–15·0) | 0·55 |
| Time from illness onset to death or discharge, days | 21·0 (17·0–25·0) | 18·5 (15·0–22·0) | 22·0 (18·0–25·0) | 0·0003 |
| Duration of viral shedding after COVID-19 onset, days | 20·0 (16·0–23·0) | 18·5 (15·0–22·0)† | 20·0 (17·0–24·0) | 0·024 |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%). p values were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ARDS=acute respiratory distress syndrome. ICU=intensive care unit. COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019.
*
Ordered by escalating scale of respiratory support.
†
Detectable until death.