Table 3.

Risk factors associated with in-hospital death

		Univariable OR (95% CI)	p value	Multivariable OR (95% CI)	p value
Demographics and clinical characteristics
Age, years*		1·14 (1·09–1·18)	<0·0001	1·10 (1·03–1·17)	0·0043
Female sex (vs male)		0·61 (0·31–1·20)	0·15	..	..
Current smoker (vs non-smoker)		2·23 (0·65–7·63)	0·20	..	..
Comorbidity present (vs not present)
	Chronic obstructive lung disease	5·40 (0·96–30·40)	0·056	..	..
	Coronary heart disease	21·40 (4·64–98·76)	<0·0001	2·14 (0·26–17·79)	0·48
	Diabetes	2·85 (1·35–6·05)	0·0062	..	..
	Hypertension	3·05 (1·57–5·92)	0·0010	..	..
Respiratory rate, breaths per min
	≤24	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>24	8·89 (4·34–18·19)	<0·0001	..	..
SOFA score		6·14 (3·48–10·85)	<0·0001	5·65 (2·61–12·23)	<0·0001
qSOFA score		12·00 (5·06–28·43)	<0·0001	..	..
Laboratory findings
White blood cell count, × 109 per L
	<4	0·73 (0·26–2·10)	0·56	..	..
	4–10	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>10	6·60 (3·02–14·41)	<0·0001	..	..
Lymphocyte count, × 109 per L*		0·02 (0·01–0·08)	<0·0001	0·19 (0·02–1·62)	0·13
ALT, U/L
	≤40	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>40	2·87 (1·48–5·57)	0·0018	..	..
Creatinine, μmol/L
	≤133	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>133	4·39 (1·01–19·06)	0·048	..	..
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L
	≤245	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>245	45·43 (6·10–338·44)	0·0002	..	..
Creatine kinase, U/L
	≤185	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>185	2·56 (1·03–6·36)	0·043	..	..
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, pg/mL
	≤28	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>28	80·07 (10·34–620·36)	<0·0001	..	..
D-dimer, μg/mL
	≤0·5	1 (ref)	..	1 (ref)	..
	> 0·5	1·96 (0·52–7·43)	0·32	2·14 (0·21–21·39)	0·52
	> 1	20·04 (6·52–61·56)	<0·0001	18·42 (2·64–128·55)	0·0033
Prothrombin time, s
	<16	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	≥16	4·62 (1·29–16·50)	0·019	..	..
Serum ferritin, μg/L
	≤300	1 (ref)	..	..	..
	>300	9·10 (2·04–40·58)	0·0038	..	..
IL-6, pg/mL*		1·12 (1·03–1·23)	0·0080	..	..
Procalcitonin, ng/mL*		13·75 (1·81–104·40)	0·011	..	..

OR=odds ratio. SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. qSOFA=Quick SOFA. ALT=alanine aminotransferase. IL-6=interleukin-6.

^*Per 1 unit increase.