Figure 2.

Effect of music on pain in emergency department patients. (A) Comparison of mean pain scores before and after music interventions revealed a significant overall reduction in pain scores in most individuals (related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, P<.001). The mean change in pain score with music was modest (mean difference –0.81, 95% CI –0.45 to –1.16) with considerable variability among participants. (B) Baseline Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) score measured before music interventions was correlated with the amount of change in pain after music session. Higher baseline PCS scores were associated with a larger decrease in pain after music session (Spearman ρ=–0.39, P=.009). (C) Change in pain after music among low and high catastrophizers. Patients with high baseline PCS score (>20) had a greater decrease in pain (mean difference –1.2, SD 1.4) after music session than those with lower PCS (mean difference –0.3, SD 1.1; independent-samples t test=–2.9, P=.005).