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. 2020 May 20;22(5):e18537. doi: 10.2196/18537

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©Peter R Chai, Emily Schwartz, Mohammad Adrian Hasdianda, Desiree R Azizoddin, Anna Kikut, Guruprasad D Jambaulikar, Robert R Edwards, Edward W Boyer, Kristin L Schreiber. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 20.05.2020.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Effect of music on anxiety in emergency department patients. (A) Comparison of mean anxiety scores reported before and after the music listening intervention revealed a significant overall reduction in anxiety among individuals (related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, P<.001). The mean magnitude change in anxiety score with music was modest (mean difference –0.72, 95% CI –0.33 to –1.12) with considerable variability among participants. (B) Higher baseline anxiety scores were associated with a greater reduction in anxiety scores before and after the music session (Spearman ρ=0.3, P=.02).