Figure 3. Causal Association With Opioid Use Disorder by Mendelian Randomization (MR).

IVW indicates inverse-variance weighted linear regression; and MDD, major depressive disorder.

^aTraits having a causal association with OUD by at least 1 method without evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept P > .05).

^bSignificant after multiple testing correction (significance threshold, .05/36 = 1.39 × 10⁻³).