Figure 4. . Engineering of nanoparticle curvature determines the type and strength of immune cell binding.

Densely-packed ligands on a flat particle surface (A) allow for high affinity binding with multiple attachment points but inhibit access to deeper epitopes. Conversely, the loose packing found on highly curved particles (B) allows for deep penetration of immune cells but weaker binding due to the space between ligands.

Reprinted with permission from [46] © Wiley (2016).