Table 1.
Included meta-analysis studies investigating effect of probiotics on blood pressure
| Authors/ Published (year) | Included studies in meta-analysis (n) |
Included studies in meta-analysis (type) |
Total sample size (n) |
Participants’ characteristics | Type and dose of probiotic products | Duration of intervention | Main outcome | Risk of bias assessment | AMSTAR score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dong J, et al., 2013 [11] | 14 (8 in European countries and 6 in Japan) | DBRCTs, SBRCTs, OLTs |
702 (intervention: UN, Control: UN) |
Normotensive and hypertensive subjects, adults ≥ 18 y, both sexes | Probiotic fermented milk: 100–450 g/day | 4–24 w |
-Sig. SBP: -3.10 mmHg (95% CI: -4.64, -1.56) -Sig. DBP:-1.09 mmHg (95% CI: -2.11, -0.06) |
Yes | 7 |
| Khalesi S, et al., 2014 [12] | 9 (4 in European countries, 4 in Asian countries and 1 in Canada) | DBRCTs, SBRCTs, COTs |
543 (intervention: 282, placebo: 261) |
Normotensive and hypertensive subjects, adults ≥ 18 y, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic dairy products and other sources (109-1012 CFU/day) | 3–9 w |
-Sig. SBP: -3.56 mmHg (95% CI: -6.46, -0.66) -Sig. DBP:-2.38 mmHg (95% CI: -3.84, -0.93) |
Yes | 8 |
| He J, et al., 2017 [13] | 10 (2 in European countries, 7 in Asian countries and 1 in Brazil) | RCTs |
591 (intervention: 297, placebo: 294) |
T2DM, adults ≥ 18 y, both sexes | Probiotic foods (varied amounts) | 4–12 w |
-Sig. SBP:-5·04 mmHg (95% CI: -8.80, -1.20) –Sig. DBP:-0.39 mmHg (95% CI: -0.62, -0·17) |
Yes | 7 |
|
Hendijani F, et al., 2017 [14] |
11 (8 in Asian countries, 1 in Denmark, 1 in Brazil and 1 in USA) | DBRCTs, SBRCTs, COTs |
418 (intervention: 209, placebo: 209) |
T2DM, adults ≥ 18 y, both sexes | Probiotic foods and supplements (varied amounts) | 6–16 w |
-Sig. SBP: -3.28 mmHg (95% CI: -5.38, -1.18) -Sig. DBP:-2.13 mmHg (95% CI: -4.5, -0.24) |
Yes | 9 |
| Dong Y, et al., 2019 [15] | 6 (3 in European countries, 2 in Asian countries and 1 in Australia) | DBRCTs, SBRCTs |
449 (intervention: 242, placebo: 207) |
MetS, adolescents and adults, both sexes | Probiotic foods and supplements (107 to 1010 CFU/day) | 6–24 w | No significant effect on both SBP and DBP | Yes | 8 |
Legend: DBRCTs: double blind randomized controlled trials; SBRCTs: single blind randomized controlled trials; OLTs: open label trials; COTs: cross over trials; UN: Unknown; W: week; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ASMRT: A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS: metabolic syndrome; CFU: colony forming unit.