Fig. 3.

Effect of intestinal microbes in inflammatory bowel diseases by disruption of tight junctions and induction of pro-inflammatory. After damaging tight-junction proteins between epithelial cells, bacteria can enter to the down layer of epithelial cells and encounter different immune cells in the first line of immune system defense. The immune cells have responses to it. Several inflammatory responses such as NF-kB signaling can be activated, leading to the production of many different inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b), interleukin 8 (IL8) and something else. As a result, it can lead to different inflammatory diseases such as IBD