Table 1.
Clinical characteristics comparing AKI vs non-AKI at ICU admission
| Characteristics | AKI (n = 333) |
Non-AKI (n = 3141) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age – years | 64.7 ± 17.1 | 61.9 ± 16.7 | 0.004 |
| Female – n (%) | 119 (35.7) | 1380 (44.1) | 0.004 |
| Body weight – kg | 59.8 ± 14.7 | 60.4 ± 17.2 | 0.558 |
| Body mass index – kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 5.2 | 23.3 ± 6.0 | 0.413 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus – n (%) | 65 (19.5) | 703 (22.4) | 0.266 |
| Hypertension – n (%) | 162 (48.7) | 1600 (50.9) | 0.454 |
| Cardiovascular diseases – n (%) | 70 (21.0) | 683 (21.7) | 0.834 |
| Respiratory diseases – n (%) | 28 (8.4) | 267 (8.5) | 0.954 |
| Chronic kidney disease – n (%) | 35 (10.5) | 287 (9.1) | 0.426 |
| Malignancies – n (%) | 47 (14.1) | 468 (14.9) | 0.746 |
| Others – n (%) | 25 (7.5) | 246 (7.8) | 0.915 |
| At ICU admission | |||
| APACHE – II score | 16 (11–21) | 9 (6–13) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA score | 6 (3–9) | 2 (0–4) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA non-renal score | 4 (2–8) | 1 (0–3) | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis at presentation – n (%) | 115 (34.5) | 214 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Investigations | |||
| Hemoglobin – gm/dL | 10.0 ± 2.3 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin - gm/dL | 2.45 ± 0.75 | 2.83 ± 0.81 | < 0.001 |
| Blood sugar – mg/dL | 164.6 ± 65.8 | 165.5 ± 55.0 | 0.784 |
| PiO2/FiO2 ratio | 276 ± 140 | 348 ± 124 | < 0.001 |
| Abnormal chest imaging – n (%) | 84 (26.4) | 417 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
| Abnormal ECG – n (%) | 122 (37.5) | 707 (23.9) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline creatinine – mg/dL* | 1.02 (0.81–1.12) | 0.81 (0.70–1.04) | < 0.001 |
| Reference creatinine by – n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| History of renal insufficiency | 70 (21.0) | 510 (16.8) | |
| MDRD calculated back | 203 (61.0) | 872 (28.6) | |
| Lowest value of admission | 60 (18.0) | 1663 (54.6) | |
| Surgical interventions | |||
| ASA classification -n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| I | 7 (2.2) | 207 (6.8) | |
| II-III | 219 (68.4) | 2521 (82.7) | |
| IV-V | 94 (29.4) | 319 (10.5) | |
| Emergency surgery – n (%) | 222 (68.3) | 833 (28.1) | < 0.001 |
| Site of surgery – n (%) | |||
| Neuro, head, and neck | 11 (3.3) | 392 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
| Abdomen & colorectal | 232 (69.7) | 1846 (58.8) | < 0.001 |
| Orthopedics | 43 (12.9) | 458 (14.6) | 0.460 |
| Others | 63 (18.9) | 514 (16.4) | 0.245 |
| Operative time – mina | 155 (90–270) | 240 (150–345) | < 0.001 |
| Perioperative blood loss – mLa | 500 (150–2000) | 450 (200–1050) | 0.257 |
| Perioperative fluid balance – mLa | 1400 (665–2720) | 1707 (800–2832) | 0.067 |
| Perioperative urine output – mLa | 180 (40–450) | 343 (130–695) | < 0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU mortality – n (%) | 85 (25.5) | 90 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Death at day-28 – n (%) | 109 (32.7) | 174 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| ICU length of stay - daysa | 6 (3–13) | 1 (1,3) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay – days* | 18 (10–28) | 14 (9–24) | 0.003 |
Continuous data were reported as mean ± SD. Otherwise, data with a were reported as median and IQR 1–3
ICU Intensive care unit, APACHE-II score Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, SOFA score Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, ECG Electrocardiogram, MDRD The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease