Table 1.
Maternal, socioeconomic, and infant characteristics of two cohorts in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| Total (n = 4787) | Children of HIV-positive mothers (n = 2387) | Children of HIV-negative mothers (n = 2400) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age in years (mean ± SD) | 27.3 ± 5.1 | 28.2 ± 4.9 | 26.4 ± 5.0 |
| Height in centimeters (mean ± SD) | 155.8 ± 6.1 | 155.2 ± 6.0 | 156.5 ± 6.2 |
| Weight in kilograms (mean ± SD) | 60.6 ± 11.4 | 59.0 ± 10.9 | 62.2 ± 11.7 |
| Middle upper arm circumference in centimeters (mean ± SD) | 26.4 ± 3.2 | 25.9 ± 3.2 | 27.0 ± 3.1 |
| Married or cohabitating with partner | |||
| Yes | 4206 (88.7%) | 2051 (86.9%) | 2155 (90.6%) |
| No | 534 (11.3%) | 310 (13.1) | 224 (9.4) |
| Prior pregnancies (mean ± SD) | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.4 |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | |||
| Formal education in years | |||
| None | 194 (4.1%) | 158 (6.7%) | 36 (1.5%) |
| 1–7 | 3431 (72.2%) | 1700 (71.9%) | 1731 (72.5%) |
| ≥8 | 1128 (23.7%) | 507 (21.4%) | 621 (26.0%) |
| Employment | |||
| Housewife with income | 550 (22.9%) | 200 (8.7%) | 350 (14.7%) |
| Housewife without income | 2973 (62.1%) | 1528 (66.5%) | 1445 (60.8%) |
| Other1 | 1151 (12.7%) | 570 (24.8%) | 581 (24.5%) |
|
Per person daily food expenditure <1000 Tanzanian shillings |
|||
| Yes | 2755 (60.8%) | 2101 (93.7%) | 654 (28.6%) |
| No | 1774 (39.2%) | 141 (6.3%) | 1633 (71.4%) |
| Household wealth index >75 percentile2 | |||
| Yes | 1175 (24.8%) | 577 (24.4) | 598 (25.1%) |
| No | 3569 (75.2) | 1784 (75.6%) | 1785 (74.9%) |
| Infant and child characteristics | |||
| Infant sex | |||
| Male | 2505 (52.3%) | 1289 (54.0%) | 1216 (50.6%) |
| Female | 2282 (47.7%) | 1098 (46.0%) | 1184 (49.3%) |
| Preterm, <37 weeks gestation | |||
| Yes | 647 (14.2%) | 357 (15.2%) | 290 (12.2%) |
| No | 3905 (85.8%) | 1995 (84.8%) | 1910 (86.8%) |
| Low birth weight, <2500 g | |||
| Yes | 243 (5.2%) | 161 (7.0%) | 82 (3.5%) |
| No | 4421 (94.8%) | 2128 (93.0%) | 2293 (96.5%) |
| Apgar ≤7 at 5 min after birth | |||
| Yes | 128 (2.9%) | 87 (4.1%) | 41 (1.9%) |
| No | 4220 (97.1%) | 2049 (95.9%) | 2171 (98.1%) |
| HIV status | |||
| HIV-infected | 355 (7.5%) | 355 (15.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| HIV-exposed but uninfected | 2005 (42.1%) | 2005 (85.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| HIV-unexposed | 2400 (50.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2400 (100%) |
| Any breastfeeding in months (mean ± SD) | 8.8 ± 6.3 | 4.4 ± 2.5 | 13.2 ± 5.9 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding in months (mean ± SD) | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 1.88 ± 1.54 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding in month categories | |||
| None | 1044 (22.0) | 329 (13.8) | 715 (30.2) |
| <3 months | 1850 (39.0) | 663 (27.9) | 1187 (50.2) |
| ≥3 months | 1850 (39.0) | 1387 (58.3) | 463 (19.6) |
1Other employment included businesswomen, work at a public house or restaurant, professional employment including being a teacher, nurse, etc., skilled office work, and unskilled employment
2Household wealth index was created separately for each study