Table 1.

Studies Exclusion

First Author, Year	Journal, Title	Reasons For Exclusion
Aggrawal ND, 1979	Br J Sports Med A Study of changes in the spine in weight-lifters and other athletes	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study evaluates the spine complaints in weight-lifters and track and field athletes
Bertelsen ML, 2017 [24]	Scand J Med Sci Sports A framework for the etiology of running-related injuries	Study design is not included
Brill PA, 1995	Sports Med The influence of running patterns on running injuries.	Study design is not included
Buist I, 2010	Am J Sports Med Predictors of running-related injuries in novice runners enrolled in a systematic training program: a prospective cohort study	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated
Burrows M, 2003	Br J Sports Med Physiological factors associated with low bone mineral density in female endurance runners	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated This study analyzes the BMD (bone mass index) of several body segments after physical exercises
Cai C, 2015	J Orthop Sports Phys Ther Low Back and Lower Limb Muscle Performance in Male and Female Recreational Runners with Chronic Low Back Pain	Primary and secondary outcomes not evaluated This study evaluates some physical test such as muscular strength and length
Cole AJ, 1995	J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil Spine injuries in runners: A functional approach	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported Study design is not relevant
Damsted C, 2019	J Orthop Sports Phys Ther Preparing for half-marathon: The association between changes in weekly running distance and running-related injuries – does it matter how the running is scheduled?	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated. This study evaluates only running-related injuries localized in the lower limb
Fokkema T, 2018	J Sci Med Sport Prognosis and prognostic factors of running-related injuries in novice runners: a prospective cohort study	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported
Franke TPC, 2019 [5]	J Orthop Sports Phys Ther Running Themselves Into the Ground? Incidence, Prevalence, and Impact of Injury and Illness in Runners Preparing for a Half or Full Marathon	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study grouped the data for head, spine and trunk
Fredericson M, 2007	Sports Med Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon running injuries	Study design is not included
Garbutt G, 1990 [60]	Med Sci Sports Exerc Running speed and spinal shrinkage in runners with and without low back pain	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study analyzes the spinal shrinkage in runners. The authors consider LBP as an independent of the shrinkage induced by running
Hamill J, 2009	Res Sports Med Lower extremity joint stiffness in runners with low back pain	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated. This study evaluates the joint stiffness of hip, knee and ankle in runners with current LBP, resolved LBP and controls
Hespanhol Junior LC, 2016	Scand J Med Sci Sports Health and economic burden of running-related injuries in runners training for an event: a prospective cohort study	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported
Jacobs S, 1986	Am J Sports Med Injuries to runners: a study of entrants to a 10,000-m race.	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated
Kemler E, 2018 [12]	Phys Sportsmed The relationship between the use of running applications and running-related injuries	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported
Kluitenberg B, 2013	BMC Public Health The NLstart2run study: health effects of a running promotion program in novice runners, design of a prospective cohort study	Study design is not included
Kluitenberg B, 2016	J Sci Med Sport The NLstart2run study: training-related factors associated with running-related injuries in novice runners	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated. This study analyzes the risk factors for running-related injury without referring to specific anatomical sites for each participant
Lee SP, 2018	Phys Ther Sport Adaptations of lumbar biomechanics after four weeks of running training with minimalist footwear and technique guidance: Implications for running-related lower back pain	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated The authors report only that incorporating minimalist footwear and technique coaching into a runners’ training may induce changes in lumbar biomechanics associated with reduced risk of running related LBP, without any statistical analysis
Lewis G, 2000	ISMJThe etiology and clinical features of low back pain in distance runners: a review	Study design is not relevant
Linton L, 2018	J Sci Med Sport Running with injury: a study of UK novice and recreational runners and factors associated with running related injury	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported
Lopes AD, 2011	J Physiother Musculoskeletal pain is prevalent among recreational runners who are about to compete: an observational study of 1049 runners	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study evaluated the general spine complaints
Nielsen RO, 2019	BMJ Open The Garmin-RUNSAFE Running Health Study on the aetiology of runningrelated injuries: rationale and design of an 18-month prospective cohort study including runners worldwide	Study design is not included
Nielsen RO, 2013 [61]	Int J Phys Ther Classifying running-related injuries based upon etiology, with emphasis on volume and pace	Study design is not included
Noormohammadpour P, 2015	Eur Spine J Low back pain status of female university students in relation to different sport activities	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study evaluates the LBP status in 9 sports, but not among runner
Ogon M, 1999	Foot Ankle Int Does arch height affect impact loading at the lower back level in running?	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated
Oliveira RR, 2017	Int J Sports Phys Ther There are no biomechanical differences between runners classified by the functional movement screen	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated This study evaluates the timing of TrA (transversus abdominis muscle) activation and the sit and reach test such as possible factors for LBP development
Preece SJ, 2016	Gait Posture How do elite endurance runners alter movements of the spine and pelvis as running speed increases?	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated This study analyzes some cinematics parameters of the spine and pelvis without any consideration for LBP
Sado N, 2017	Sports Biomech The three-dimensional kinetic behaviour of the pelvic rotation in maximal sprint running	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated This study analyzes the lumbosacral cinematic to improve the sprint performance in running
Schafer WE, 1985	Stress Health Life changes, stress, injury and illness in adult runners	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported
Scheer BV, 2011 [62]	Clin J Sport Med Al Andalus Ultra Trail: an observation of medical interventions during a 219-km, 5-day ultramarathon stage race	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported
Seay JF, 2014	Eur J Sport Sci Trunk bend and twist coordination is affected by low back pain status during running	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study analyzes the differences in trunk sagittal kinematics between 3 groups of runners, with current LBP, resolved LBP or controls
Smits DW, 2018	Res Sports Med Validity of injury self-reports by novice runners: comparison with reports by sports medicine physicians	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study examines the criterion validity of self-reported running related injuries, compared to an injury consultation by a sport medicine physician
Sugisaki N, 2011	Int J Sport Health Sci The Relationship between 30-m Sprint Running Time and Muscle Cross-sectional Areas of the Psoas Major and Lower Limb Muscles in Male College Short and Middle Distance Runners	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated
Tam N, 2018	J Sports Sci Bone health in elite Kenyan runners	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated
Tauton JE, 2002	Br J Sports Med A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study evaluates the running-related injury in athletes of different sports such as cycling, swimming, weight-lifting, etc. who referred to had an injury during running activity
Villavicencio AT, 2006	Neurosurg Focus Back and neck pain in triathletes	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported The study population is triathlon athletes
Wen DY, 2007	Curr Sports Med Rep Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Runners	Study design is not included
Winter SC, 2018	J Phy Fit Treatment & Sports Centre of Mass Acceleration-Derived Variables Detects Differences between Runners of Different Abilities and Fatigue-Related Changes during a Long Distance Over ground Run	Primary and secondary outcomes are not evaluated. This study evaluates the differences in running movements using a wireless accelerometers
Winter SC, 2019	Res Sports Med Overuse injuries in runners of different abilities-a one-year prospective study.	Data for prevalence, incidence or risk factors running related low back injuries are not reported This study provides the total amount of injuries for the groups of running level. The single anatomical site of injury for each runner was not included